Leisure

Any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work

time.

Recreation

A leisure time activity undertaken voluntarily and for enjoyment.

It includes individual pursuits, organized outings and events, and non-paid

(non-professional) sports.

Sport

A physical activity involving a set of rules or customs. The activity may

be competitive.

Tourism

Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure.Note that this definition excludes day-trippers.

There are many possiblesubdivisions of tourism.

Sub-groups include:

ecotourism

tourism focusing on the natural environment andlocal communities

heritage tourism

tourism based on a historic legacy (landscapefeature, historic building or event) as its major

attraction

sustainable tourism

tourism that conserves primary touristresources and supports the livelihoods

and culture of local people.

primary tourist/recreational resources

The pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation (that is, those notbuilt specifically for the purpose), including climate, scenery, wildlife,

indigenous people, cultural and heritage sites. These are distinguishedfrom secondary tourist/recreational resources, which include

accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping.

Resort

A settlement where the primary function is tourism.

This includes a hotel complex.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of visitors/participants that a site/event can satisfyat one time. It is customary to distinguish between environmental

carrying capacity (the maximum number before the local environmentbecomes damaged) and perceptual carrying capacity (the maximum

number before a specific group of visitors considers the level of impact,such as noise, to be excessive). For example, young mountain bikers may

be more crowd tolerant than elderly walkers.‑

1. Leisure

Discuss the difficulties in attempting to define leisure,

recreation, tourism and sport.

They often overlap, and participation in

them may be simultaneous.

Discuss the influence of accessibility, changes in

technology and affluence upon the growth of these

activities.

Made sic

Social/Economic Changes in Technology

Product Development

Increase in car ownershipIncrease in leisure time: • holiday entitlement • shorter working week • early retirement with pensions • ageing populationGreater wealth: • larger incomes • less children • Two wage-earner families

MotorwaysJet aircraftComputer reservation systemsInternet on-line booking

Package holidaysTheme ParksActivity holidaysWeekend breaksEcotourism

2. Leisure at the international scale: tourism

Changes in demand

Explain the long- and short term ‑trends and patterns ininternational tourism.

Trend

Global tourism is a thriving business ↑

(Predicted 130% increase of international tourists between 2000 and 2020)

En milliard på reisefotInternasjonal turisme nådde for første gang over én milliard reisende i fjor (2012).

The tourism industry has grown in terms of its global extent and the volume of the tourists involved.

Pattern

Europe continues to receive the greatest share, but tourist preference is

shifting in favour of the Asia-Pacific region, Africa and the Middle East.

Changes in supply

Examine the changes in location and development ofdifferent tourist activities. Explain the growth of more

remote tourist destinations.

Lots of mass tourism, but an ever-growing demand for new and exotic experiences.

Sun, sea and sand boredom.

Niche tourism has evolved out of a desire for diversity and something new – this is

more likely to be sustainable.

4. Leisure at the national/regional scale: tourism

Case study of anational tourist

industryExamine the economic, social and

environmental impactsof tourism.

Kenya

See Tourism Costs and Benefits sheet + notes on Kenya

Kenya

Case study ofecotourism

Evaluate the strategies designed to manage and sustainthe tourist industry.

Where?The Masai Mara National Reserve is a large game reserve

in south-western Kenya.

PPT on geo-revision.net: Case Study Sustainable Tourism - Masai Mara, Kenya

(PPT)

Tourism as adevelopment strategy

Examine the importance of tourism as a development

strategy for low-income countries.

Tourism is a positive route towards economic development, especially when they lack raw materials for manufacturing.

Greener than manufacturing, mining etc.

Export – but not subject to price fluctuations of commodities sold on the world market.

Can be an effective way for a country to overcome its problems of balance of payments.

Labour-intensive.

Direct and indirect employment.

Provides opportunities to acquire new skills for instance in languages, catering and entertainment.

Multiplier effect.

Can redistribute wealth at all scales (also to rural areas), provided leakage is not allowed to drain the economy.

Adds diversity to the export base.

Helps to stabilize the foreign exchange earnings.

But vulnerable to global shocks, because of weak domestic demand.

6. Leisure at the local scale: tourism

Tourism managementin urban areasFor one named city or large town:

• describe the distribution and location of primaryand secondary tourist resources

• discuss the strategies designed to manage touristdemands, maximize capacity and minimize conflicts

between local residents and visitors, and avoidenvironmental damage.

MarbellaPPT on geo-revision

Urban Case Study Tourism Marbella (by Kristina)

Examine the concept of carrying capacities in a rural

tourist area."Tourism Carrying Capacity" is defined by the World Tourism

Organisation as

“The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the

physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction”.

Discuss strategies designed to maximize capacity and

minimize conflicts between local residents and visitors,

and avoid environmental damage.Lake District, UK

Pages 172-175 in New Wider World

Lake District

8. Sustainable tourism

Define sustainable tourism.

Geography Course Companion:Pages 252-253.

Examine the extent to which it might be successfully

implemented in different environments.

Articles about the Antarctic on geo-revision. You can discuss Svalbard in

the Arctic.

3. Leisure at the international scale: sport

Internationalparticipation and

successExamine the social, cultural, economic and

politicalfactors affecting participation and success in

two majorinternational sports.

You chose two sports.

Geography Course Companion pages 234-235.

Clay pigeon shootingNOK 800 per session

Olympic Gold Hero, Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Hasher Al Maktoum.

Case study of acontemporary

international sportsevent

Analyse the geographic factors that influenced the choice

of venue(s).

2008 Beijing Olympic Games

Why Beijing?

Examine the factors affecting the sphere of influence for

participants and supporters.

Evaluate the short- and long term ‑geographic costs and

benefits of hosting such an event at both the local and

national level.

Geography Course Companion pages 235-237Beijing suffers the curse of the Olympic city

5. Leisure at the national/regional scale: sport

Case study of anational sports league

Explain the hierarchy of a league and the location of its

teams.

The English/Welsh Football League

PPT on geo-revision:The English/Welsh Football League (PPT)

Examine the relationship between team location

and the residence of its supporters.

7. Leisure at the local scale: sport and recreation

The leisure hierarchy

Explain the relationship between urban settlements and

recreational and sports facilities in terms of frequency,size, range and catchment area.

Greenfieldgeography

Intra urban spatial‑patterns

Examine the distribution and location of recreationaland sports facilities in urban areas and relate the

patterns to accessibility, land value and the physical andsocio-economic characteristics of each urban zone (from

the central business district to the rural-urban fringe).

Leisure at the local scale

Urban regeneration

Discuss the role of sport and recreation in regenerationstrategies of urban areas.

London 2012Geography Course Companion page 251

London Olympic Village Urban RenewalHackney

Urban regeneration

The main benefits of the games :

It will create 9,000 new homes in the Olympic Park alone, with nearby schools and health and community facilities. Half of the new homes will be sold on the open market, with the other half

going to housing associations.

It will clean up the urban wasteland of the Lower Lea Valley and provide the largest new London Park since the Victorian era.

The Olympics should significantly improve transportation, not only for East London but also for the capital city as a whole. In the locality, east to west connectivity will be considerably improved.

State-of-the-art facilities will be provided in the area for a wide range of sports.

The regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley and the Thames Gateway will be speeded up, providing new jobs and business opportunities before, during and after the games. It is estimated that 12,000

permanent jobs will be created in the area of the Olympic Park alone, as well as thousands of temporary ones.

It is hoped that the 150 km2 media and broadcast centre will encourage creative businesses to the area.

It will encourage sport and healthy lifestyles across all ages and communities.

The games will give a much-needed boost to the tourist industry, with half a million visitors expected at the time of the games. The tourism benefit should last for some time beyond the

games. Sydney estimates that its economy was boosted by £5 billion in the five years since the city hosted the 2000 games. It is also hoped that the publicity generated by the announcement of the

games will boost tourism between now and 2012.

The aim is for the games to promote social cohesion in one of the most culturally diverse communities in the UK. It should also improve the image of both East London and the country as a

whole.