Legacy of the KhansLegacy of the Khans

Butchers OR Bringers of Butchers OR Bringers of Light?Light?

Legacy of the KhansLegacy of the Khans

Genghis Khan (1165-1227 Genghis Khan (1165-1227 AD) AD)

TemuchinTemuchin (his first (his first name) was betrothed name) was betrothed to a woman from to a woman from another tribeanother tribe

Temuchin at first Temuchin at first allied himself and allied himself and then fought with his then fought with his father’s blood brotherfather’s blood brother

By 1206, he By 1206, he dominated Mongolia dominated Mongolia and received the title and received the title Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

Ögedei Khan Ögedei Khan (1186-1241 (1186-1241 AD)AD)

Ögedei was an Ögedei was an extremely extremely charismatic man, charismatic man, known for his ability known for his ability to sway doubters to sway doubters simply by force of his simply by force of his personalitypersonality

He was elected He was elected supreme khan in supreme khan in 1229, according to 1229, according to the the kuriltaikuriltai (military (military council) held after council) held after Genghis' deathGenghis' death

Kublai Khan (1215-1294 AD)Kublai Khan (1215-1294 AD) In 1251, his elder In 1251, his elder

brother Mongke brother Mongke became Khan but became Khan but then died in 1259then died in 1259

Kublai was the next in Kublai was the next in line but his younger line but his younger brother usurped brother usurped powerpower

The brothers battled The brothers battled for three years before for three years before Kublai officially Kublai officially installed himself as installed himself as ruler in 1263ruler in 1263

Mongol “Three All” PolicyMongol “Three All” Policy

Long before Imperial Japan, Mongol operations in many areas Long before Imperial Japan, Mongol operations in many areas could indeed be classified as a could indeed be classified as a Three AllThree All policy – “burn all, kill policy – “burn all, kill all, destroy all”…in a cruel age where few exhibited humane all, destroy all”…in a cruel age where few exhibited humane behavior, the Mongols added their own stampbehavior, the Mongols added their own stamp

Mongol Economic Mongol Economic OrganizationOrganization

KarakorumKarakorum was built was built in 1220 on the orders in 1220 on the orders of Genghis Khan and of Genghis Khan and was founded on the was founded on the site of a previously site of a previously built citybuilt city

The traditional The traditional nomadic home is the nomadic home is the GerGer, as widely used , as widely used today as in the time today as in the time of Genghis Khanof Genghis Khan

Mongol Military TacticsMongol Military Tactics Organized around Organized around

decimal units of 10, decimal units of 10, 100, & 1000, the 100, & 1000, the largest Mongol largest Mongol tactical division was tactical division was the the tümentümen of 10,000 of 10,000 menmen

Military engineersMilitary engineers provided catapults provided catapults for hurling stones, for hurling stones, throwing javelins, throwing javelins, and other machines and other machines for throwing firefor throwing fire

Mongol Political Mongol Political OrganizationOrganization

The top levelThe top level of imperial leadership was of imperial leadership was drawn from the drawn from the ruling lineage of the ruling lineage of the area’s founding tribearea’s founding tribe

At a secondary levelAt a secondary level descendants and descendants and other other relativesrelatives of the ruler were usually of the ruler were usually appointed as appointed as governorsgovernors to supervise to supervise the tribal leadership in each regionthe tribal leadership in each region

The The local tribal leaders constituted the local tribal leaders constituted the third levelthird level of organization of organization

Religious ToleranceReligious Tolerance Because the Khans of Because the Khans of

Mongolia honored all Mongolia honored all religious faiths, a religious faiths, a total of 12 total of 12 worshipping places of worshipping places of ChristianChristian, , BuddhistBuddhist and and IslamIslam faiths faiths actively held servicesactively held services

Genghis Khan's Genghis Khan's religion is widely religion is widely speculated to be speculated to be ShamanismShamanism

Legal PrinciplesLegal Principles The Mongol system can The Mongol system can

loosely be called a loosely be called a “constitutional system”“constitutional system”

Based on something Based on something called Genghis Khan's called Genghis Khan's Great YasaGreat Yasa

YasasYasas (ordinances) (ordinances) “established a rule for “established a rule for every occasion, a every occasion, a regulation for every regulation for every circumstance, and a circumstance, and a penalty for every penalty for every crime”crime”

Mongol Museums & ArtMongol Museums & Art Sculptures of Sculptures of Outer Outer

MongoliaMongolia combine combine pieces from various pieces from various places and fuse them places and fuse them together to form a together to form a single sculpturesingle sculpture

Heads, bodies, limbs, Heads, bodies, limbs, and pedestals of and pedestals of Inner MongolianInner Mongolian sculptures are made sculptures are made separately of beaten separately of beaten copper alloy and copper alloy and fitted togetherfitted together

Mongolian MusicMongolian Music The Urtyn Duu (“long song”) is a staple of the culture with slow tempos, long melodic lines, and the absence of measured rhythm

Bogino Duu (“short song”) differs from the long song by the extreme intensity of the performance

The “horse-head fiddle”, or moriin khuur, is a distinctively Mongolian instrument…traditionally played by the uligershin (“bards”) of their culture

Mongolian CultureMongolian Culture

The Festival presented a vast array of Mongolian The Festival presented a vast array of Mongolian cultural events including exhibitions, education cultural events including exhibitions, education programs and performing arts presentations, along programs and performing arts presentations, along with Mongolian wrestling and archery competitionswith Mongolian wrestling and archery competitions