lectures no. 1-2

8/9/2019 Lectures no. 1-2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectures-no-1-2 1/35

BRITISH HISTORY ANDBRITISH HISTORY AND

CIVILISATIONCIVILISATION

Associate Prof. Gabriela Iuliana ColipcAssociate Prof. Gabriela Iuliana Colipcăă--CiobanuCiobanu, PhD., PhD.



I. BritishI. British

InsularityInsularity• Great Britain:

– England (the South, the

i!lan!s an! the "orth#: fro$the Channel to the Scottish%or!er (the Che&iot 'ills#

– S!tland (unite! to )n*lan! in+#: the 'i*hlan!s theo/lan!s an! the Islan!s (the

Inner an! 0uter 'ebri!es, the0r1ne2 Islan!s, the Shetlan!Islan!s#

– "ales (unite! to )n*lan!un!er the 3rst 4u!ors, 'enr2 5IIan! 'enr2 5III#.

• "orthern Irelan! (6lster#

• the Isle of an an! An*lese2 (in the Irish Sea#

• the Isle of 7i*ht, 8erse2 an! Guernse2 (9the Channel Islan!s# the Scill2 Islan!s (S)

of Corn/all).

http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_MAPS/0_maps_of_british_isles.htm







C!nse#uenes !$ BritishC!nse#uenes !$ British

InsularityInsularity• %ritains peculiar *eo*raphical position has

in;uence! its cli$ate, its people an! its histor2in $ore than one !irection.– Cli%ate: te$perate, in;uence! b2 the /ar$ Atlantic

Current (Gulf Strea$#, /ith $il! /inters an! /ar$su$$ers

– &e!'le: restraine!, reser&e!, /ith a conser&ati&e$entalit2 $ar1e! b2 a preference for tra!itionalhabits an! structures (e.*. tal1in* about the /eathercarr2in* an u$brella an! a <ac1et on a /ar$ !a2because it $i*ht rain or turn col! the 3&e ocloc1tea etc.#

– Hist!ry: 4he sea has turne! the )n*lish into a sea-farin* nation, able to roa$ the oceans of the /orl!an! to buil! up a *reat $ariti$e e$pire. 4he seapro&i!e! potential securit2 fro$ forei*n in&asionsfro$ the continent, but also i$$inent !an*er fro$

ene$ies fro$ the north (an! not onl2#.

i d



II. In(asi!ns and &atternsII. In(asi!ns and &atterns

!$ Settle%ent in the British!$ Settle%ent in the British

IslesIsles • Ancient %ritain:– Stone A*e: the e*alithic en– %ron=e A*e: the %ea1er people– Iron A*e: the Celts– 4he >o$ans.

• i!!le A*es:– 4he An*lo-Sa?ons– 4he 5i1in*s

– 4he "or$ans.• %attles for %ritain:

– 4he >enaissance: the Spanish Ar$a!a– 4he Secon! 7orl! 7ar: the Ger$an uft/a@e.



Anient Britain) the *egalithiAnient Britain) the *egalithi

*en*en• St!ne Age (about , %C#:

– 4he 3rst settlers probabl2 co$in* fro$ the Iberian Peninsula(the 9Iberians# or e&en fro$ the "orth African coast:• s$all, !ar1, lon*-hea!e! people (probabl2 the ancestors of the

!ar1-haire! inhabitants of 7ales an! Corn/all#

• 4he2 1ept ani$als, *re/ corn an! 1ne/ ho/ to $a1e potter2.

– 4his 3rst /a&e of 9in&a!ers settle! in the /estern parts of

%ritain an! Irelan!, fro$ Corn/all all the /a2 to the far north.– >e$ains that re&eal the hu*e or*anisation of labour in

prehistoric %ritain:• the Bhenges: centres of reli*ious, political an! econo$ic po/er

$a!e of *reat circles of earth ban1s an! !itches insi!e /hichthere /ere /oo!en buil!in*s an! stone circles e.*. St!nehenge

in Salisbur2 Plain: $a!e of $onu$ental circles of $assi&e&ertical stones toppe! /ith i$$ense hori=ontal slabs(9%egaliths the na$e of these prehistoric people, i.e.,9*egalithi *en# other (earth or stone# hen*es /ere built in$an2 parts of %ritain as far north as the 0r1ne2 Islan!s an! asfar south as Corn/all.



Anient Britain) the *egalithiAnient Britain) the *egalithi

*en*en

St!neheng

e

A(e+uryHenge

"!!dhenge



Anient Britain) the Bea,erAnient Britain) the Bea,er

&e!'le&e!'le• Br!n-e Age (after E,F %C#:

– "e/ *roups of people ca$e fro$ )urope(rance an! the o/ Countries# an! settle! insouth-east %ritain.

– Characteristics:• roun!-hea!e!, stron*l2 built, taller than "eolithic

%ritons

• spea1in* an In!o-)uropean lan*ua*e

• s1ille! in /or1in* $etal (bron=e# an! in $a1in*potter2 brin*in* a ne/ cereal fro$ )urope, i.e. barle2

• intro!ucin* the 3rst in!i&i!ual *ra&es to replace thefor$er co$$unal burial $oun!s (9barro/s# their*ra&es /ere furnishe! /ith potter2 bea1ers (the

9Bea,er 'e!'le#.



Anient Britain) the CeltsAnient Britain) the Celts• Ir!n Age (aroun! %C#:

– ro$ the si?th centur2 %C o&er the ne?t se&enhun!re! 2ears, the Celts s/ept into the %ritish isles,co$in* fro$ central )urope or further east, in threesuccessi&e /a&es, 1in!re! in!ee! but $utuall2hostile an! each /ith a !ialect of its o/n:

• 4he G!ideli Gaeli Celts settle! in Irelan! /hence the2sprea! to Scotlan! an! the Isle of an. 4heir lin*uisticherita*e is represente! b2: Gaeli (the national lan*ua*e inIrelan!#, Erse (in the 'i*hlan!s an! the Islan!s of Scotlan!#an! the no/ e?tin*uishe! *an/ (onl2 in the Isle of an#.

• t/o centuries later, the Bryth!ni Celts Brit!ns settle! in)n*lan! an! 7ales. 4heir lin*uistic herita*e is represente!b2: "elsh (in 7ales# an! C!rnish (spo1en in Corn/all up tothe en! of the ei*hteenth centur2, to be re&i&e! no/a!a2s#.

• About + %C, the Belgi tribes settle! in the south-east of%ritain.



Anient Britain) the CeltsAnient Britain) the Celts

• General characteristics:– tall, fair or re!-haire! $en /earin* shirts an! breeches, an! strippe!

or chec1e! cloa1s fastene! b2 a pin (possibl2 the ori*in for theScottish tartan an! !ress# of an i$pressi&e cleanliness an! neatness.

– s,ills: 4he2 1ne/ ho/ to /or1 /ith iron, hence the2 coul! $a1ebetter /eapons an! intro!uce $ore a!&ance! plou*hin* $etho!s tofar$ hea&ier soils. 4he2 built hill-forts /hich re$aine! econo$iccentres for local *roups lon* after the >o$ans ca$e to %ritain (e.*.the tra!ition of or*anisin* annual fairs#. 4he2 tra!e! across tribal

bor!ers an! tra!e /as probabl2 i$portant for political an! socialcontact bet/een the tribes insi!e an! be2on! %ritain.

– religi!n: pol2theistic. 4heir priests, the Druids coul! not rea! or/rite, but the2 $e$orise! all the reli*ious teachin*s, the tribal la/s,histor2, $e!icine, an! other 1no/le!*e necessar2 in the Celticsociet2. >eli*ious rituals (/hich so$eti$es inclu!e! hu$an sacri3ce#/ere not perfor$e! in te$ples but in sacre! (oa1# *ro&es, on certain

hills, b2 ri&ers or b2 ri&er sources.– gender r!les: 7o$en, especiall2 fro$ the upper strata, ha! $ore

in!epen!ence an! the2 /ere respecte! for their coura*e an!stren*th in battle. (>o$an /riters lea&e an i$pression of a $easureof eHualit2 bet/een the se?es a$on* the richer Celts.# Actuall2,/hen the >o$ans in&a!e! %ritain t/o of the lar*est tribes /ere rule!b2 /o$en /ho fou*ht fro$ their chariots. 4he $ost po/erful Celt to

stan! up to the >o$ans /as a /o$an, B!adiea (+ AD#.



Anient Britain) the CeltsAnient Britain) the Celts

Old Os0estry Celti hill $!rt

Celti h!rned hel%e

Br!n-e1gure!$ aCelti0arri!r



Anient Britain) the CeltsAnient Britain) the Celts• Cultural heritage:

– 4he &er2 na$e 9%ritain co$es fro$ 9Pretani, the na$e /hich theGree1s calle! the Celtic inhabitants of %ritain, $ispronounce! b2 the>o$ans into 9%ritannia.

– Celtic sur&i&in*s in )n*lish: na$es of ri&ers an! places (e.*. A&on, 4ha$es Jor1, Kent, on!on# 3rst s2llables in 7inchester, anchester,Gloucester, )?eter /or!s (e.*. brat, cra!le, !o/n, $attoc1, etc.#

– In literature: le*en!s an! sa*as i$bue! /ith a sense of $2ster2, a!ra$atic conception of $ans e?istence at *rip /ith fate, sun* b2

bar!s at the acco$pani$ent of the harp:• 4he Cyle !$ 2lster (the ol!est literar2 atte$pts of the Irish epic recor!in*

the !ee!s of 1in* Conchobar an! the bra&e hero Cuchulainn#• 4he Cyle !$ *unster (focuse! on the heroic 3*ures of inn an! his son

0ssian, a *ifte! bar!#.

In the late ei*hteenth centur2, the interest in the ol! Celtic literar2 tra!ition/as re&i&e! b2 the Pre->o$antic $o&e$ent. 8a$es acphersons alle*e!

translations fro$ the le*en!ar2 Irish bar! 0ssian brou*ht about thee$er*ence of a ne/ literar2 fashion in al$ost the /hole )urope, 1no/nas Ossianis%.

• 7ith the rise of nationalistic feelin*s in present-!a2 %ritain, Britishness –ori*inall2 a *eneral ter$ !enotin* national i!entit2 for the inhabitants of)n*lan!, Scotlan! an! 7ales – has co$e to e&o1e the Celtic ori*in ofScotlan! an! 7ales as oppose! to Englishness, e&ocati&e of )n*lan!sAn*lo-Sa?on roots an! her rulin* position.



Anient Britain) theAnient Britain) the

R!%ansR!%ans• 4he >o$an in&asion:

– reas!ns: +. the Celts of %ritain supporte! the Celts in Gaul a*ainstthe >o$ans (sen!in* the$ foo! an! allo/in* the$ to hi!e in%ritain#. E. 6n!er the Celts, %ritain beca$e an i$portant foo!pro!ucer because of the $il! cli$ate an! the a!&ance! plou*hin*technolo*2. 4he >o$ans nee!e! %ritish foo! for their o/n ar$23*htin* the Gauls.

– the >o$an in&asion:• LL-LF %C: 8ulius Caesar rai!e! %ritain to stop the support the %ritish

Celts o@ere! to the Celts in Gaul.• F AD: %ritain /as conHuere! b2 )$peror Clau!iuss le*ions.

Actuall2, the >o$anise! area stretche! across the southern part of%ritain, fro$ the >i&er 'u$ber to the >i&er Se&ern. 4he >o$ans alsoe?ten!e! their control in 7ales (the to/ns of Jor1, Chester, etc.# but!i! not !e&elop their culture there. 4herefore, the area of >o$anoccupation /as !i&i!e! into t/o sharpl2 contrastin* re*ions: the

atinise! south an! east, an! the barbarian north an! /est. 4he >o$ans coul! not conHuer BCale!onia (i.e. Scotlan!#. 4he2 builta stron* /all alon* the northern bor!er ('a!rians 7all# to 1eep outthe rai!ers (Scots an! Picts# fro$ the north.

• FM AD: >o$e /ith!re/ its last le*ions fro$ %ritain, as >o$e itself/as un!er 3erce sie*e b2 the Ger$anic tribes. (>o$e itself /assac1e! b2 the Goths in F+.# 4he >o$anise! Celts /ere left to 3*htalone a*ainst the Scots, the Irish an! the An*lo-Sa?on rai!ers fro$

Ger$an2.

A i B i i hA i t B it i th



Anient Britain) theAnient Britain) the

R!%ansR!%ans

Hadrian3s "all

Ruins !$ R!%an +aths 4&iere+ridge#



The Angl!5Sa/!nsThe Angl!5Sa/!ns• At 3rst the Ger$anic tribes onl2 rai!e! %ritain, but after F AD the2

be*an to settle. 0ne le*en! actuall2 clai$s that the2 /ere initiall2 hire! b2

the >o$anise! Celts to help the$ 3*ht bac1 the attac1s of the Scots an!the Picts (e.*. FFM – 'en*est an! 'orsa#, but then the2 turne! a*ainsttheir e$plo2ers an! !eci!e! to sta2 !espite their hosts resistance. A$uch $ore reliable source is %e!es Ecclesiastical History of the EnglishPeople, /ritten three centuries later, /hich /as pro&en correct b2archaeolo*ical e&i!ence.

4he Ger$anic in&a!ers co$in* fro$ northern Ger$an2 an! southernDen$ar1 belon*e! to three po/erful tribes:+.4he Angles /ho settle! in the east an! in the north i!lan!sE.4he 6utes /ho settle! in Kent an! alon* the south coast.4he Sa/!ns /ho settle! fro$ the 4ha$es )stuar2 /est/ar!s bet/een

the An*les an! the 8utes. 4he An*lo-Sa?on $i*rations laste! fro$ about FF+ /hen the2 secure! a

per$anent stron*hol! at the $outh of the 4ha$es to about /henthe2 &irtuall2 controlle! the present-!a2 )n*lan! (9lan! of the An*les#. 4he %ritish Celts /ere 1ille!, fa$ishe!, ensla&e! an! pushe! into the

corners of the islan! in 7ales (9the lan! of the forei*ners#, Corn/all an!southern Scotlan!. 0thers saile! to Irelan! or to %rittan2 on the renchcoast. (4he Celtic resistance to the in&a!ers /as i$$ortalise! in le*en!s!o$inate! b2 the 3*ure of Kin* Arthur as a hero of $an2 &ictoriesa*ainst the An*lo-Sa?ons.#



The Angl!5Sa/!nsThe Angl!5Sa/!ns• Angl!5Sa/!n Culture)

– a "or!ic culture /hich in&ol&e! the /orship of /ar *o!s,/hich praise! the /arriors coura*e, stren*th, intelli*ence,an!, abo&e all, lo2alt2 to the lea!er co/ar!ice, !esertionan! lac1 of honour /ere publicl2 con!e$ne!.

– a reli*ion of !rea! that tau*ht people not to be afrai! of!eath an! to aspire to the i!eal of heroic sacri3ce on thebattle3el!. Col!ness an! pessi$is$ /ere !e3nin* featuresof the An*lo-Sa?on reli*ion accor!in* to /hich 72r! (ate#/as stron*er than the *o!s the$sel&es.

– 4he An*lo-Sa?on $2ths an! le*en!s /ere collecte! in theEdda an! han!e! !o/n fro$ *eneration to *eneration. 4hebo!2 of epic poetr2 celebrate! heroes li1e Si*ur! an!%eo/ulf, /hereas the ele*ies spo1e of the ups an! !o/ns of

life, fore*roun!in*, in l2rical ter$s, the &alues an! beliefs ofthe An*lo-Sa?on societ2.– 4he An*lo-Sa?ons share! /ith the Scan!ina&ians the art of

!ecoratin* /eapons, <e/eller2, an! ob<ects of !ail2 use /ithpatterns of *reat beaut2 an! richness, as /ell as custo$s of/ar an! a*riculture. (e.*. the Sutton 'oo archaeolo*ical

site, +M#



The Angl!5Sa/!nsThe Angl!5Sa/!ns

Sutt!n H!! hel%etSutt!n H!! hel%et

Drag!n 1tting $r!% Sutt!n H!! shieldDrag!n 1tting $r!% Sutt!n H!! shield

Sutt!n H!! +elt +u,leSutt!n H!! +elt +u,le The Sutt!n H!! shi'The Sutt!n H!! shi'



The Angl!5Sa/!nsThe Angl!5Sa/!ns• G!(ern%ent and s!iety)

- the An*lo-Sa?on 1in*!o$s in:– the th centur2 – the 9'eptarch2:•An*les: ercia, "orthu$bria,

)ast-An*lia•Sa?ons: )sse?, 7esse?, Susse?• 8utes: Kent.

–the Q

th

centur2: as a result of thecon;icts bet/een the An*lo-Sa?on1in*!o$s, ercia, "orthu$bria an!7esse? *re/ lar*er an! $orepo/erful.

– the Mth centur2: onl2 the An*lo-Sa?on1in*!o$ of 7esse? (un!er the ruleof Kin* Alfre! the Great# $ana*e! tosur&i&e the 5i1in* in&asion.

- the a!$inistrati&e or*anisation: shires (counties# – one of the /orl!s ol!eststill functionin* *o&ern$ent unit. Ineach shire, one shire reeve/ sheri /asappointe! as the 1in*s locala!$inistrator, in char*e of raisin* ta?es

an! recruitin* sol!iers.



The Angl!5Sa/!nsThe Angl!5Sa/!ns• G!(ern%ent and s!iety:

– 6nli1e the >o$ans, the An*lo-Sa?ons /ere not cit2 !/ellers. 4he2 settle! in the countr2si!e. 4he co$$unit2 /as or*anise!aroun! the lor!s %an!r /here the &illa*ers pai! ta?es, <ustice /as a!$inistere! an! $en <oine! the ar$2 (the fyrd#.It 0as the +eginning !$ the %an!rial syste% 0hihreahed its $ull de(el!'%ent under the N!r%ans.

– 4he An*lo-Sa?on technolo*2 chan*e! the shape of )n*lish

a*riculture.• 4he2 cleare! !ense forests an! !raine! /et lan!s.• 4heir hea&ier plou*hs allo/e! the$ to better plou*h hea&ier soils

in lon* strai*ht lines across the 3el!.• 4heir s2ste$ of lan! o/nership an! or*anisation put the lan! of

the co$$unit2 to better use. 4he2 !i&i!e! the lan! into t/o-threelar*e 3el!s, /hich /ere further sub-!i&i!e! into lon* thin strips(9hi!es# o/ne! b2 each fa$il2 an! culti&ate! in the sa$e /a2 asthe ones of the nei*hbours. 0ne 3el! /as use! for sprin* crops, asecon! one for autu$n crops, an! a thir! one /as left to rest fora 2ear an! use!, to*ether /ith the other 3el!s after crophar&estin*, as co$$on lan! for ani$als to fee! on.

– Thus7 the Angl!5Sa/!ns set the +asis !$ Englishagriulture until the eighteenth entury.



The Angl!5Sa/!nsThe Angl!5Sa/!ns• Angl!5Sa/!n hierarhial syste%:

– the ,ing 48yning39: +. 9the rin*-*i&er in ti$es of peace (ar$-rin*sor nec1-rin*s R *ol! piecesN <e/eller2 *i&en as a re/ar! to the/arriors for their coura*e an! &alues# E. the 9shiel! an! protectorin ti$es of /ar.

4he 1in* /as elected an! assiste! !urin* his rule b2 the Witan, acouncil $a!e of senior /arriors an! church$en. 7ithout the 7itanssupport, the 1in*s authorit2 /as in !an*er.

- the n!+le%en : 8e!rlas3 4earls9 !r thanes: the2 en<o2e! $aterialpri&ile*es in e?chan*e for their lo2alt2 an! $ilitar2 support to the1in*.

- the 8e!rlas3) free $en entitle! to their share of the co$$on lan!.- the 8laet3: lan!less $en /ho culti&ate! the soil for their lor! (serfs#.- the sla(es: /ar prisoners or people sol! b2 their fa$ilies in ti$es of

fa$ine to sa&e the$ fro$ star&ation or con&icts in a la/-suit.

Sla&es /ere /or1in* $achines that coul! be bou*ht or sol!, e&en1ille! b2 their $asters. 4he An*lo-Sa?ons ha! their o/n s2ste$ of punishin* $anslau*hter b2

pa2in* a su$ of $one2 (90ergilt R /ar $one2# to the relati&es ofthe $ur!ere! $an. (4he sla&es /ere an e?ception in this respectthe $aster pai! no /er*ilt.#

The Angl!5Sa/!n syste% re'resented a transiti!n $r!% the

tri+al t! the $eudal !rganisati!n.



The Angl!5Sa/!nsThe Angl!5Sa/!ns• The intr!duti!n !$ Christianity 4;th entury9:

– in the earl2 !a2s of the An*lo-Sa?on rule in %ritain: heathen An*lo-

Sa?ons N&s.N the Christianise! Celts (7ales, Scotlan! an! Irelan!#– LM AD: Pope Gre*or2 the Great sent a $on1, Augustine, to re-

establish Christianit2 in )n*lan!. 'e ca$e as a $issionar2 inCanterbur2, at 1in* )thelbert of Kents court, an! he beca$e the 3rstArchbishop of Canterbur2 in +. 'e continue! to con&ert especiall2rulin* fa$ilies in Kent, )ast An*lia, )sse?, Susse? an! 7esse?.

– In "orthu$bria, Christianit2 /as intro!uce! b2 Irish $on1s F 2ears

later.– 4he or!inar2 people in %ritain /ere con&erte! b2 Celtic Church bishops

fro$ 7ales, Irelan! an! Scotlan!, /ho tra&elle! fro$ &illa*e to &illa*eto sprea! Christianit2.

the Celti Christian Churh (or!inar2 people# &s. the R!%an Christian

Churh (intereste! in authorit2#

AD: the Syn!d !$ "hit+y !eci!e! in fa&our of the >o$an Church.

4he Celtic Church retreate! as >o$e e?ten!e! its authorit2 o&er allChristians, e&en in the Celtic parts of the islan!.

Christianit2 brou*ht about the return of learnin*, rea!in* an! /ritin* inatin, enrichin* the An*lo-Sa?on lan*ua*e /ith atin &ocabular2. 4he$onasteries beca$e seats of learnin* an! teachin* of atin, Gree1,

$usic, astrono$2, $e!icine, $iniature art an! histor2 (e.*. the5enerable %e!e, Ecclesiastic History of the English People#.



The Vi,ingsThe Vi,ings• 5i1in*s (Bpirates Bpeople of the sea inlets# ca$e fro$ "or/a2 an!

Den$ar1.• en! of the Qth centur2: the 3rst rai!s alon* the east, north an! /est

coasts of %ritain an! Irelan! (on!on – rai!e! in QFE#

• Mth-+th centuries: 5i1in* rai!s in &arious other parts of the /orl!*oin* as far as Piraeus an! Constantinople.

• 5i1in* lore:– 4he Scan!ina&ian prose Sagas recor!e! /ith e?traor!inar2 realis$ their

life of /ar an! plun!er.

– BGo! spare us fro$ the /rath of the "orth$en. – re*ular pra2er in)n*lan!.

• Q: ro$ a$on* the se&en An*lo-Sa?on 1in*!o$s, onl2 7esse?(incorporatin* 7esse?, little of Kent an! half of ercia# sur&i&e!. →

)n*lan! !i&i!e! into: 7esse? an! the 9Danela/ (the east an! northof )n*lan!#.

• Alfre! the Great (Q+-M#: 'e built /alle! settle$ents (burghs# to1eep the Danes out. QQ – he !efeate! the Danes an! force! theirlea!er Guthru$ to si*n the treat2 of 7e!$ore, /hereb2 the 5i1in*sun!er/ent baptis$ an! a*ree! to retire into the Danela/.



The Vi,ingsThe Vi,ings

• <ing Canute <nut Cnut: the 5i1in* 1in* of )n*lan!(electe! in ++#, Den$ar1 (++Q#, "or/a2 (+EQ# an!parts of S/e!en. 'e /as on the /a2 to foun! a "orthern)$pire /ith Scan!ina&ia for one pillar an! )n*lan! for theother, reinforcin* the cultural bon!s bet/een these culturalspaces. 7hen he !ie! in +L, his incapable Danishsuccessors !issipate! the confe!eration an! )n*lan!returne! to An*lo-Sa?on $onarchs.

• 4he last 5i1in* in&asion: !urin* the rule of the last An*lo-Sa?on 1in*, 'arol! Go!/inson. +: 'arol! ha! to $archnorth into Jor1shire to 3*ht the 5i1in*s le! b2 'aral!'ar!ra!a, Kin* of "or/a2. 4he 5i1in*s /ere !efeate! atStanfor! %ri!*e.



The N!r%ansThe N!r%ans• =>??)

– the !eath of )!/ar! the Confessor (+FE-#

– 'arol! Go!/inson chosen b2 the 7itan as the ne/ 1in*. 'esuccee!e! to the throne un!er the suspicion of ha&in* usurpe! theri*hts of )!/ar!s heir, 7illia$, Du1e of "or$an!2.

– 7illia$s clai$s to the )n*lish throne:

• Kin* )!/ar! ha! pro$ise! the throne to hi$ before his !eath

• 'arol!, /ho &isite! 7illia$ in +FN+L, pro$ise! he /oul! not ta1ethe throne for hi$self.

↓

0ctober +, +: 7illia$s troops lan!e! at Pe&ense2.

4he battle of Hastings: %etter ar$e!, better or*anise! an! $ounte!on horses, the "or$ans !efeate! the An*lo-Sa?ons. 'arol! !ie! on

the battle3el!. (4he 4apestr2 of %a2eu? – the stor2 of the "or$antriu$ph#

7illia$ $arche! to on!on an! he /as cro/ne! Kin* of )n*lan! in)!/ar!s church of 7est$inster Abbe2 on Christ$as Da2, +.

- the 9harr2in* of the "orth: atrocious puniti&e ca$pai*ns $eant toput !o/n the resistance of the Sa?on earls in the "orth of )n*lan!.



The N!r%ansThe N!r%ans

N!r%an shi's r!ssing the Chan

N!r%an a(alry

Har!ld3s death at Hastings "illia% I3s !r!nati!

Har!ld3s !r!nati!n

N!r%ans +uilding a a%



The N!r%ansThe N!r%ans• The N!r%an $eudal syste%)

– the <ing:• !i&i!e! the lan! to the nobles: 7illia$ *a&e half to the "or$an

nobles, a Huarter to the Church an! 1ept a 3fth for hi$self. 4henobles /ere *i&en pieces of lan! in !i@erent parts of the countr2 sothat no noble coul! easil2 or Huic1l2 *ather his 3*htin* $en torebel.

– the n!+les)• recei&e! fro$ the 1in* the feu, lan! hel! in return for !ut2 orser&ice to the lor!. → (assals /ho o/e! the 1in* obe!ience, helpin ti$e of /ar an! part of the pro!uce of their lan!.

• 4he *reater nobles *a&e parts of their lan!s to lesser nobles,1ni*hts, an! other 9free$en (2eo$en#.

• the Bho$a*e ritual: the &assal 1neele! before the lor!, his han!s

place! bet/een those of his lor!. (no/a!a2s part of the coronationcere$on2 of %ritish 1in*s an! Hueens#

– the 8$ree%en3 4ye!%en9) so$e pai! for the lan! b2 !oin*$ilitar2 ser&ice, /hile others pai! rent.

– the 'easants +!und t! the land 4ser$s9) the2 /ere not freeto lea&e the estate an! /ere often little better than sla&es.



The N!r%ansThe N!r%ans

• Basi 'rini'les !$ $eudalis%)

– E(ery %an has a l!rd.– E(ery l!rd has land.

↓

DOO*SDAY BOO< 4=>@@9) a *eneral sur&e2 of all thelan!s of the 1in*!o$, their &alue, o/ners, Hualit2 of thesoil, cattle or poultr2. It /as an in&entor2 of both all thepossessions of the countr2 an! the social !istribution ofthe population.

• the fate of the !efeate!: )n*lish lor!s /ere !epri&e! oftheir lan!s in fa&our of the rench barons. All hi*h oOcesboth in the church an! state /ere e?clusi&el2 3lle! b2rench spea1in* forei*ners. 4he )n*lish foun! the$sel&ese?clu!e! fro$ all roa! lea!in* to honour or prefer$ent. In+QQ, onl2 L, thanes /ere recor!e! to sur&i&e as thelocal *entr2.



The N!r%ansThe N!r%ans• Cultural !nditi!ns in N!r%an England) the =th entury

Renaissane

– the peaceful 9in&asion of "or$an!2s in!ustrial an! tra!in* classes

↓

a# Arhiteture: the buil!in* of )n*lan!s t/ent2-se&en *reatest cathe!rals("or/ich, Gloucester, 0?for!, Peterborou*h, 7inchester, St. Albans, Durha$, etc.#

-st2les: +# the English R!%anes#ue or N!r%an st2le (bol! $assi&e construction,se$icircular arches, ;at buttresses, pon!erous c2lin!rical pillars, *eo$etricalpatterns# E# the G!thi (pointe! arches, clustere! colu$ns, pointe! ribbe! &aults,

;2in* buttresses, tall an! pointe! to/ers an! spires, staine! *lass#b# !e&elop$ent of ra$ts in 0!!d7 st!ne7 glass7 ta'estry and 'ainting

4%iniatures9.

c# the 3rst uni(ersities: 0?for! – +EFM Ca$bri!*e – +EQF – seats of learnin* (8ohnDuns Scotus, 7illia$ of 0cca$, >o*er %acon#

!# hr!niles: The Anglo-Norman hronicles (/ritten in atin, but lac1in* thei$partialit2 of their An*lo-Sa?on pre!ecessors# atthe/ Pariss hronica !a"ora

()n*lish an! Continental e&ents fro$ +ELL# an! hronica !inora (ho$e e&entsbet/een +E-+EL# 7alter aps #f ourtiers$ Tri%es (&iolent attac1s at thecorruption an! abuses of the cler*2#

e# *iddle English: atin (the lan*ua*e of the church an! scholarship# – rench (thelan*ua*e of public life, aristocratic societ2, la/-courts an! ro2al a!$inistration,literature, art an! coo1in*# – )n*lish (the lan*ua*e of the people at lar*e, of theilliterate lo/er classes#

N!r0ih Cathedral Gl!uester Cathedral



! Ca ed a G !ues e Ca ed a

Christ Churh Cathedral7 &eter+!r!ugh Cathe

&eter+!r!ugh Cathedral St. Al+ans Cathedra



g

"inhester

Durha% Cathedral



Battles $!r BritainBattles $!r Britain

• The de$eat !$ the S'anishAr%ada 4=@@9

• ighting the Ger%an Lu$t0ae4=F>9



England (ersus S'ain in the LateEngland (ersus S'ain in the Late

Si/teenth CenturySi/teenth Century

• Angl!5S'anish relati!ns in the =;>s5=@>s)– the con;ict o&er control of the co$$ercial routes:

• Spain rulin* o&er the Protestant "etherlan!s that fou*ht forin!epen!ence

• Spanish ships 9harasse! b2 )n*lish Bpri&ateers (9piratesunoOciall2 supporte! b2 ueen )li=abeth I e.*.: rancis Dra1e,artin robisher, 7alter >alei*h# T the result of Spains refusalto allo/ )n*lan! to tra!e freel2 /ith Spanish A$ericancolonies.

– the reli*ious con;ict: Catholic Spain &s. Protestant )n*lan!

• +L – )li=abeth I e?co$$unicate! b2 Pope Pius 5. o2alCatholics /ere ur*e! to !epose her.

• )n*lan! supporte! the Protestant rench an! the DutchProtestant rebels.



England (ersus S'ain in theEngland (ersus S'ain in the

Late Si/teenth CenturyLate Si/teenth Century

• =@>s:– Philip II of Spain prospere!: he anne?e! Portu*al (+LQ#

an! the A=ores (+LQE-#. 'e built a *reat ;eet, anBAr$a!a, e?cee!in* in si=e the co$bine! ;eets of)n*lan! an! the "etherlan!s. Philip !eci!e! to conHuer)n*lan! before he /oul! be able to !efeat the Dutch in

the "etherlan!s.– +LQF: the Dutch lea!er, 7illia$ of 0ran*e, /as

assassinate!. 4hat create! panic a$on* )n*lishpoliticians /ho feare! that )li=abeth I $i*ht fall &icti$too.

– +LQL: Phillip II /as con3!ent he coul! sei=e all )n*lishships in Iberian ports. )li=abeth I respon!e! b2 sen!in*the )arl of eicester to 'ollan! /ith an ar$2, buteicester /as !efeate!.



England (ersus S'ain in theEngland (ersus S'ain in the

Late Si/teenth CenturyLate Si/teenth Century

– +LQ: 4he Spanish Ar$a!a /as attac1e! an! partl2!estro2e! b2 rancis Dra1e in the Ca!i= harbour.

– =@@: 4he re-built Spanish Ar$a!a (the lar*est that ha!e&er *one to sea, but less fast than the )n*lish ships#carr2in* $ainl2 sol!iers (fe/ ships carrie! cannons an!

$e!iu$ *uns# ai$e! at conHuerin* )n*lan! an!controllin* the )n*lish Channel, so that subseHuentl2Spanish troops coul! ha&e easier access to the"etherlan!s. 'o/e&er, the Spanish Ar$a!a /as !efeate!b2 the )n*lish /eather an! b2 the )n*lish *uns. So$eSpanish ships /ere sun1, but $ost /ere blo/n north/ar!s

b2 the /in!, $an2 bein* /rec1e! on the roc12 coasts ofScotlan! an! Irelan!. In Au*ust +LQQ Protestant )n*lan!celebrate! /ith pra2ers an! public than1s*i&in*. 4he /ar/ith Spain continue! until )li=abeth Is !eath (+#, butthe %ritain !i! not beco$e the scene of a forei*n in&asion.

Th S d " ld " Th B ttl $Th S d " ld " Th B ttl $



The Se!nd "!rld "ar) The Battle !$The Se!nd "!rld "ar) The Battle !$

BritainBritain• Septe$ber +MM: Ger$an2 in&a!e! Polan!, an! %ritain entere! the /ar.

• a2 +MF – 8une +MF: 4he Ger$an ar$2 in&a!e! the "etherlan!s,

attac1e! an! !efeate! the rench. rance capitulate! /ithin ++ !a2s on 8une +, +MF. 4he %ritish ar$2 /as !ri&en into the sea an! /as sa&e!b2 thousan!s of pri&ate boats /hich crosse! the )n*lish Channel atDun1ir1.

• Su$$er-autu$n +MF: 4he Ger$an air forces (uft/a@e# launche! a$a<or bo$bin* an! rai!in* ca$pai*n o&er %ritain. 4heir tar*ets: coastal

shippin* con&o2s, shippin* centres, >o2al Air orce (>A# air3el!s an!infrastructure, aircraft factories an! *roun! infrastructure. inall2, theuf/a@e resorte! to attac1s on strate*ic to/n areas /hich cul$inate! inthe serial bo$bin* of on!on /hich 1ille! thousan!s of ci&ilians an!!estro2e! $ost of central on!on.

In this ti$e of terror, Pri$e inister 7inston Churchill brilliantl2 $ana*e!to persua!e a nation Bon its 1nees that it /oul! /in.

4he failure of Ger$an2 to achie&e its ob<ecti&es of !estro2in* %ritains air!efences, or forcin* %ritain to ne*otiate an ar$istice or an outri*htsurren!er is consi!ere! both its 3rst $a<or !efeat an! one of the crucialturnin* points in the /ar. If Ger$an2 ha! *aine! air superiorit2, A!olf'itler $i*ht ha&e launche! 0peration Sealion, an a$phibious an!airborne in&asion of %ritain.

lectures no. 1-2

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