Carbon Footprint:The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon footprint is the sum of all emissions of CO2 (carbon dioxide), which was induced by human activities in a given time frame. Usually a carbon footprint is calculated for the time period of a year.Carbon dioxide is a so called greenhouse gas causing global warming. Other greenhouse gases which might be emitted as a result of human activities are e.g. methane and ozone. These greenhouse gases are normally also taken into account for the carbon footprint. They are converted into the amount of CO2 that would cause the same effects on global warming (this is called equivalent CO2 amount)."A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions of a defined population, system or activity, considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population, system or activity of interest. - Wright, Kemp, and WilliamsCarbon footprint in IndiaYearCO2emissions, metric tons of CO2 per capitaYearCO2emissions, metric tons of CO2 per capita

1990 0.819991.1

19910.820001.1

19920.920011.1

19930.920021.1

19940.920031.2

1995120041.2

1996120051.2

19971.120061.3

19981.120071.4

The data only considers carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from land use such as deforestation.But to have a complete idea of how a country influences climate change, gases such as methane and nitrous oxide should be taken into account. This is particularly so in agricultural economies.Carbon Offsetting:The mitigation of carbon footprints through the development of alternative projects, such as solar or wind energy or reforestation, represents one way of reducing a carbon footprint and is often known as Carbon offsetting.The main influences on carbon footprints include population, economic output, and energy and carbon intensity of the economy. These factors are the main targets of individuals and businesses in order to decrease carbon footprints.Causes of carbon footprint: Man-made NaturalNatural Causes:Natural Causes are causes created by nature. One natural cause is a release of methane gas from arctic tundra and wetlands. Methane is a greenhouse gas. The greenhouse gas is a gas that traps the heat in the earths atmosphere. Another natural cause is that the earth goes through a cycle of climate change.Man-made Causes:Pollution is one of the man-made problems to the environment. Burning of fossil fuels is one thing that causes pollution. Fossil fuels are fuels made of organic matter such as oil or coal. When fossil fuel is burned they give off a green house gas called CO2. Also mining coal and oil allows methane to escape. Another major cause of carbon footprint is a population. More people means more food and methods of transportation.

Consequences: Sea level Rise Major Impacts on Agriculture Reduction of the Ozone layer Increased Extreme weather Spread of disease Eco-system changesCarbon in the form of Coal or Carbon Paper is a SOLID; in the form of Carbon Dioxide is a GAS, and as Carbonic Acid, can be a LIQUID.Pollution:Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular contaminant relevant to each of them:Air pollution - The release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter or fine dust is characterized by their micrometer size PM10 to PM2.5.Light pollution - includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.Littering- the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties.Noise pollution - which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE,[10] herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment. (See alpha emitters and actinides in the environment.)Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space debris.Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally or through spills) into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; release of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may contain chemical fertilizers and pesticides); waste disposal and leaching into groundwater; eutrophication and littering.Protocol:The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate systemAll countries collectively agreed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% on average for the period 2008-2012. This reduction is relative to their annual emissions in a base year, usually 1990. Since the US has not ratified the treaty, the collective emissions reduction of Annex I Kyoto countries falls from 5.2% to 4.2% below base year.Five Aspects of Sustainable Development:1. Economical Aspect:Must be able to produce goods and services on a continuing basisa. adequate livelihood or productive assetsb. economic security when unemployed, ill, disabled or otherwise unable to secure a livelihood2. Social Aspect:a. Gender Equityb. Political Accountability Political Accountability is the accountability of the government, civil servants and politicians to the public and to legislative bodies.c. Participation In terms of community participation through PRA.3. Political:a. Freedom to participate in national and local politicsb. Participation in decisions regarding the management and development of ones home and neighborhood, with respect for civil and political rights and in the implementation of environmental legislation.4. Environmental Aspect:Must maintain a stable resource base avoiding overexploitation of renewable resource systems and depleting non-renewable resources.5. Cultural Aspect:A means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral, and spiritual existence.HOT SPOT - NIL