lecture2mkl_understandingems

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Academic Year 2008/2009 S&EM

UnderstandingUnderstanding

Environmental ManagementEnvironmental Management

System (EMS)System (EMS)




Environmental Management

Environmental Management

≠the management of the environment

• the management of the humankind's interactionwith and impact upon the environment




““ An EMS is : An EMS is : A continual cycle of A continual cycle of planning, implementing,

reviewing and improving the processes and actions thatthe processes and actions that

an organization undertakes to meet its environmentalan organization undertakes to meet its environmental

obligations.obligations.””

Environmental Management System (EMS)

ISO 14001 Sect ion 3.5 Envi ronment al Management Syst em (def ini t ion): That part of the overall

management system which includes organization

structure, planning activities, responsibilities,

practices, procedures, processes and resources fordeveloping, implementing, achieving, reviewing and

maintaining the environmental policy.




•Serves as a tool to improve environmental performance

•Provides a systematic way of managing an organization’senvironmental affairs

•Is the aspect of the organization’s overall management

structure that addresses immediate and long-term impacts of

its products, services and processes on the environment

•Gives order and consistency for organizations to address

environmental concerns through the allocation of resources,

assignment of responsibility and ongoing evaluation of

practices, procedures and processes

•Focuses on continual improvement of the system

EMS:




How/Who to define environmental performance ?

• Example of relevance criteria for environmental performance:

Eco-efficiency: energy efficiency, less environmental

release, better raw material efficiency etc. more compliance to relevant laws and regulation

Less complaint from community etc.

Reduced liability etc.

• The Organization must define its own performance standard

and this may be very specific to the particular

organization/company




“Eco-efficiency is the primary way in which business can contribute to the concept of sustainable development. The vision of eco-efficiency is simply

•to produce more from less •Reducing waste and pollution

Using fewer energy and raw materials is obviously good for the environment. It is also self-evidently good for business because it cuts companies costs”

(Excerpts from the Bulletin of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development)

Eco-efficiency




Roles of an Engineer:Roles of an Engineer: To design and operate chemical processes yielding To design and operate chemical processes yielding

chemical products that meet customer specificationschemical products that meet customer specificationsand that are profitableand that are profitable

To maintain safe conditions for operating personals To maintain safe conditions for operating personalsand residents in the immediate vicinity of aand residents in the immediate vicinity of a

production facility production facility To be protective to the environment and human To be protective to the environment and human

health in conducting all aspect of his/her jobhealth in conducting all aspect of his/her job

(D.T. Allen and D.R. Shonnard, 2002,Green Engineering, Prentice Hall PTR)




An effective EMS is built on TQM concepts.

EMS ⇒ Continuous Improvement




• improved environmental performance• reduced liability• competitive advantage

• improved compliance• reduced costs• fewer accidents• employee involvement

• improved public image• enhanced customer trust• more favorable credit terms

• meet customer requirements

Key EMS Benefits




Internal

• Staff (manager) time• Other employee time(Note: Internal labor costs represent the bulk of the EMSresources expended by most organizations companies)

External• Potential consulting assistance• Outside training of personnel

• Certification cost (if required)

POTENTIAL COSTS




Key Elements of an EMS:• Environmental policy —a statement of an

organization’s commitment to the environment. This

policy serves a framework for planning and action.• Environmental aspects — Identify environmental

attributes of products, activities and services. Determinethose that could have significant impacts on the

environment.• Legal and other requirements — Identify and ensureaccess to relevant laws and regulations, as well as otherrequirements to which an organization adheres.

• Objectives and targets — Establish environmentalgoals for your organization, in line with your policy,environmental impacts, the views of interested partiesand other factors.




Key Elements of an EMS (cont’d):

• Environmental management program — Plan actionsnecessary to achieve your objectives and targets.

• Structure and responsibility — Establish roles andresponsibilities for environmental management and

provide appropriate resources.• Training, awareness and competence — Ensure that

your employees are trained and capable of carrying outtheir environmental responsibilities.

• Communication — Establish processes for internal andexternal communications on environmental managementissues.

• EMS documentation — Maintain information on your

EMS and related documents.





• Document control — Ensure effective management ofprocedures and other system documents.

• Operational control — Identify, plan and manage youroperations and activities in line with your policy,objectives and targets.

• Emergency preparedness and response — Identifypotential emergencies and develop procedures forpreventing and responding to them.

• Monitoring and measurement — Monitor keyactivities and track performance. Conduct periodicassessments of compliance with legal requirements.

• Nonconformance and corrective and preventive

action — Identify and correct problems and preventtheir recurrence.





• Records — Maintain and manage records of EMSperformance.

• EMS audit — Periodically verify that your EMS is

operating as intended. It may involve both internal aswell as external auditor

• Management review — Periodically review your EMSwith an eye to continual improvement.




Environmental Policy

• An environmental policy is top management’s declarationof its commitment to the environment. This policy should

serve as the foundation for your EMS and provide aunifying vision of environmental concern by the entire

organization

• The heart and soul of the EMS is a documentedenvironmental policy providing the company orfacility an overall sense of direction. The policystatement sets the overall level of environmental

responsibility and performance which theorganization or facility seeks.

.




• is appropriate to the scale and kinds of environmental impactsof the company or facilities activities, products and services;

• is aligned with the services and operations;• provides the framework for setting and reviewing

environmental objectives and targets;• includes a commitment to (1) continual improvement (2) the

prevention of pollution (3) compliance with applicableenvironmental standards and regulations and voluntary codesand principles to which the company or facility subscribes;

• is documented, implemented, maintained and communicated

to all employees;• is available to the public.

Top management must define the environmental

policy and ensure that the policy:




Three Pillars of an Environmental Policy




Prevention of Pollution Hierarchy

• EMS design andimplementation also

should take into accountthe Pollution

Prevention hierarchy.• In evaluating P2

opportunities,

organizations shouldstart at the top of thepyramid (i.e., sourcereduction) and work

their way down as

needed to define themost appropriate

methods




Contoh Environmental Policy:

Environmental PolicySEDAPAL1, Lima, Peru

“We declare our permanent commitment to contribute towards thesustainable development of the cities of Lima and Callao,providing efficient drinking water and wastewater treatmentservices, taking a cautionary approach and making responsible

use of natural resources, based on principles of continualimprovement of our environmental performance, prevention ofpollution and respect for applicable environmental law.

December 7, 1999

Iso 1400 provide a standard form for Environmental Policy. (Seea hand out)




Important Feature of Environmental Policy

Keep the policy simple and understandable

The environmental policy should be explicit enough to be audited.

Directly related to your products or servicesMake sure that your employees understand the policy.




Environmental Policy Worksheet




Environmental Impact :“Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an

organization’s activities, products, or services.”

Identifying Environmental AspectsHow an organization interfaces with the environment

Environmental Aspect:

“Element of an organization’s activities, products, or services that can interact with the environment.”




Some Potential Environmental Aspect Categories

•Air Emissions

•Solid and Hazardous Wastes•Contamination of Land•Local Issues (e.g. noise, odor, dust, traffic, etc.)

•Water Discharges•Energy Use•Raw Material and Resource Use (water, energy, etc.)•Hazardous Material Storage and Handling




Contoh Worksheet untuk evaluasi environmental aspect :




The Link Between Aspects and Impacts (some examples

from a real company)




Environmental Aspects Worksheet




Legal and Other Requirements

Legal requirements include:

• Government requirements

• Provincial and local requirements• Standards in locations where you sell products/services

• Permit conditions (“halal” etc.)

Example of Other requirements (in USA):

• Company-specific codes• International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Charter for Sustainable Development

• American Chemistry Council’s (ACC) Responsible Care• American Petroleum Institute’s Strategies for Today’s Environmental Partnership

(API STEP)• Other industry codes or programs to which your organization voluntarily

subscribes




How to Obtain information on Legal Requirements?

• Commercial services (with updates offered on-

line, on CD-ROM or in paper form);• regulatory agencies (federal, state and local);

• trade groups / associations;

• the Internet• public libraries;

• seminars and courses;

• newsletters / magazines;

• consultants and attorneys; and

• customers, vendors and other companies.




Beberapa Aspek Lingkungan yang di atur

• Standar emisi gas buang

•Standar air limbah

•Standar kebisingan

•Etc.




Tugas

Yogyakarta sebagai kota pelajar dan wisata sangat potensial untuk tumbuhnyaindustri kuliner dan service seperti londry. Saudara diminta untuk membantusalah satu dari industri-industri berikut untuk mentransformasi menjadi

organisasi perusahaan yang memiliki environmental management system yang baik.

1. Industri loundry

2. Restoran

3. Penyewaan “kost”

Sebagai langkah awal rumuskanlah/identifikasi:1. Environmental aspects

2. Legal and other requirements (cari peraturan yang relevan dari lembagaterkait)

Lalu rumuskanlah Environmental policy yang bagus untuk industri yang saudara

pilih. Buatlah laporan singkat uuntuk pekerjaan saudara




Hazard

The potential for a substance or situation to causeharm or create adverse impacts on persons or

environment (Hazard could be physical,mechanical or thermal) or chemical or combined ofboth




A measure of human injury, environmental damage,A measure of human injury, environmental damage,

or economic loss in terms of both the incidentor economic loss in terms of both the incident

likelihood and the magnitude of the loss or injurylikelihood and the magnitude of the loss or injury

( ( Suatu Suatu ukuran ukuran dari dari cedera cedera pada pada manusia manusia ,, kerusakan kerusakan

pada pada lingkungan lingkungan atau atau kerugian kerugian secara secara ekonomi ekonomi sebagai sebagai fungsi fungsi probabilitias probabilitias kejadian kejadian dan dan besarnya besarnya kehilangan kehilangan

atau atau cedera cedera ) )

Risk




THE CHEMISTRY OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

• Bahan-bahan beracun (toxic)

• Mudah terbakar (flammable)• Mudah meledak (explosive)

Hazard berhubungan dengan sifat-sifat kimiamaupun fisika dari bahan




Physical State at 2O0C--the physical nature of a chemical

(solid, liquid, or gas) at 20°C (i.e., room temperature). Changingthe temperature may alter the physical state, depending on themagnitude and direction of the change relative to the melting andboiling points of the material.

Vapor Pressure (IT)—• Liquids with high vapor pressures generally represent a

greater fire hazard than those with lower vapor pressures.• Consequently, drummed materials with high vapor pressures

in particular should not be stored in direct sunlight, asoverheating of the materials and resultant increases in vaporpressures could result in bulging drums with failed orweakened seams.

• A material which has a high vapor pressure is one that ishighly volatile, and therefore, represents a potentially highrisk due to inhalation hazards.




Vapor Density (VD)--The mass per unit volume of a given

vapor/gas relative to that of air.

• Heavy vapors can pose a significant hazard because of theway they accumulate: if toxic, they may poison workers; itnontoxic, they may displace air and cause suffocation by

oxygen deficiency; if flammable, once presented with anignition source, they represent a fire or explosion hazard.

• Examples of gases heavier than air include carbon dioxide,chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide.

• E.g. acetaldehyde with a vapor density of 1.5 is heavier than air andwill accumulate in low spots, while acetylene with a vapor density of0.9 is lighter than air and will rise and disperse.




Specific Gravity (SG)--the ratio of the density of a liquid as

compared with that of water.

• Insoluble materials will sink or float in water depending on theSG.

• Materials heavier than water have SGs > 1, and materials lighter

than water have SGs < 1.• E.g. lead, mercury, and carbon tetrachloride with SGs of 11.3,13.6, and 1.6, respectively, will sink, whereas gasoline with a SGof 0.66 to 0.69, will float on water.

Flashpoint--the lowest temperature at which a material gives offenough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface ofthe liquid within the vessel used.

• The flashpoint temperature of 140°F (closed cup) is the criterion

used by EPA to decide whether a chemical is hazardous by thedefinition of ignitability.




Fire Point--the temperature at which a liquid gives off enough

vapor to continue to burn when ignited.

Auto-Ignition Temperature--the temperature at which ignition

occurs without an ignition source and the material continues to burn

without further heat input.

Flammable or Explosive Limits--the upper and lower vapor

concentrations at which a mixture will burn or explode.• E.g. The lower explosive limit of p-xylene is 1.1 percent byvolume in air, whereas the upper explosive limit is 7.0 percent inair.

• A mixture of p-xylene vapor and air having a concentration of <

1.1 percent in air is too lean in p-xylene vapor to burn. Bysubtraction (7.0 - 1.1) p-xylene is said to have a flammablerange of 5.9.




Heat Content-- the heat released by complete combustion of a

unit weight of material.

E.g. Methane has a heat content of about 21,500 Btu/lb whilebenzene contains about 17,250 Btu/lb.

Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (KOW) -- the

equilibrium ratio of the concentrations of material partitionedbetween octanol and water.

• This coefficient is considered to be an index of the potentialof a chemical to be bio-accumulated.

• Higher values of KOW, are associated with greater bio-

accumulative potentials.




Threshold Limit Value (TLV)-- the exposure level under

which most people can work for eight hours a day, day after day, withno harmful effects.

• A table of these values and accompanying precautions for

most common industrial materials is published annually by theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH).

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