lecture1 2 intro-unix
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Command Line Basics
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Section Overview
X WindowsConsoles and TerminalsUNIX CommandsUNIX Filesystemvi Editor
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X Windows
Familiar GUI interfaceVirtual screensRemote applicationsX-Terminal Windows Multiple concurrent session Scroll bars Cut, Copy & Paste
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X Managers & Environments
X Window Managers Very configurable A lot of variety GUI login mode
X Window Environment Fully integrated environment Window manager runs within the
environment
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Why use the command line?
Always available GUI not installed/working Remote sessions
More efficientMore powerfulBetter understanding of what is happening
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UNIX Terminals
Old Days Hardwired – serial connections Modems – remote connections
Network – telnetConsole Monitor/keyboard/mouse on system Boot/error messages display Headless servers
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Virtual Consoles in Linux
Multiple sessions on one consoleSpecial Consoles Console 1 – default console Console 7 – X Windows
Toggling between consoles Text mode - <Alt><Fn> X Windows - <Ctrl><Alt><Fn> <Fn>: Function Key (n = 1 .. 7)
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Basic Philosophy
10% of work solves 90% of problemsSmaller is betterPortabilitySolve at right level
Be Creative!!!
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Command Anatomy 101
command [-switches] [arg1] [arg2]…
Command: Name of the programSwitches: Modify command’s behaviourArg#: Arguments passed to command
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Getting Help
Online manual availableSearchable Command/File name Type/Section Keyword
Not always easy to understand
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Man Page SectionsSolarisSolaris LinuxLinux ContentsContents
1 1 User commands
2 2 System calls
3 3 Library calls
4 5 File formats
5 7 Misc. files and documents
6 6 Games and demos
7 4 Devices/Network protocols
1m 8 Administration commands
9 9 Kernel specs/interfaces (?)
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Using man
man command Look up command
man n intro Contents of section n
man –k string Search short descriptions (apropos)
man –K string Search all man pages for string
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Account Related Commands
login Start session
passwd Change Password
logout / exit Close session
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File/Directory Commands
Files cp – Copy mv –
Move/Rename rm – Remove cat – View all more – View page less – View page
Directories ls – List contents mv – Move/Rename cd – Change Dir pwd – Current Dir mkdir – Create rm/rmdir – Remove
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Copies, moves, and renaming
cp file1 file2|dir1 Copy file1 to file2 or into directory dir1
cp –r[p] dir1 dir2 Copy directory dir1 to dir2
mv file1 file2|dir2 Moves file1 to file2 or into directory dir1
Renames file1 to file2 if both in same directory
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Viewing files
cat file1 Display the contents of file1 to the
screen
more file1 Display the contents of file1 one
screen at a time
less file1 Same as more but more powerful
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Removing files and directories
rm file1 file2 ... Removes list of files
rmdir dir1 Removes dir1 only (if it is empty)
rm -r dir1 Removes dir1 and all
subdirectories/files VERY Dangerous!!!
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Other directory commands
ls [-la] [file/dir list] Lists files in a directory
mkdir dir1 Creates directory dir1
cd dir1 Makes dir1 the current directory
pwd Displays the current directory path
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UNIX Filesystem Hierarchy
/ (root)
bin var dev libusrrootbootetchomesbin
scott bobalice
n321 public_html
bin sbin local tmplib
man lib srcsharebin
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So many bins…
/ (root)
bin usrsbin
bin sbin local
sbinbin
bin directories: User programssbin directories: System programs/bin & /sbin – Needed at boot time/usr/bin & /usr/sbin – available when system fully operating
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Windows Files/Directories
UNIX/LinuxUNIX/Linux WindowsWindows
/usr %SystemRoot% (C:\Windows)
/bin & /usr/bin
%SystemRoot%\System32
/dev %SystemRoot%\System32\Drivers
/etc %SystemRoot%\System32\Config
/tmp C:\Temp
/var/spool %SystemRoot%\System32\Spool
Source: Principles of Network and System Administration by Mark Burgess
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Relative & Absolute Paths
Absolute Path Given from “root” directory Example: /usr/local/bin
Relative Path ‘.’ – Current Directory ‘..’ – Parent Directory ‘~’ – Home Directory Example: ~/.. = /home
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Filter Commands
cat – View allmore – View pageless – View pagehead – View firsttail – View lastwc – word count
sort – Sort by fielduniq – Remove dupcut – Get fieldspaste – Merge Filesgrep – Search texttr – Replace text
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Heads or Tails
head -# file Displays the first # lines of file1
tail -# file Displays the last # lines of file1
wc [-cwl] file Counts number of characters, words,
or lines in file
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Sorting
Lists the contents of a file based on ordersort file Sorts file alphabetically by line
sort -r file Sorts file in reverse order by line
sort –t: -n +2 file Sorts file based on the 3rd field (+2) in numeric order (-n) with fields separated by ‘:’ (-t:)
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Extracting info
cut –f# [-d%] file Displays # fields separated by %in file
grep search-string file Displays all lines with search-string in file
Can create very sophisticated search conditions
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Changing file contents
paste file1 file2 Merge contents of file1 and file2
line by line
tr c1 c2 < file Changes all occurrences of
character c1 to c2 in file
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Misc. Commands
date Set system time/date View (formatted) system time/date
cal Displays calendar
echo Display strings & shell variables
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Visual Editor (vi)
Very Powerful3 modes Command Insert ex
Can be frustrating to learn initiallyImportant to have cheat sheet handy
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emacs versus vi
Georgy says…
Slashdot (Asked by markhb): vi or emacs? Georgy:I'm so glad you asked!! Both. vi for quick editing, emacs (NOT xemacs) for coding projects. :q!:q!:q!
Source: Slashdot.com, 8/20/2003
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Why vi?!?!?!
Because it is always there!!!
©www.nicedog.com
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Installing Applications
Source Code Typically requires a C compiler (gcc) GNU Configure – Builds Makefile Read README file first!!!
Precompiled Packages Solaris: pkgadd RedHat Linux: rpm
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RedHat Package Manager
Command line: rpm Install/Upgrade/Remove software Distribution verification Powerful package/file queries
Network Installations yum up2date apt-get