lecture slides: lecture introduction to biomechanics
DESCRIPTION
The lecture slides of lecture Introduction to Biomechanics of the Modelling Course of Industrial Design of the TU DelftTRANSCRIPT
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H-L-2
Introduction to Biomechanics
Prof. Dr. ir. Richard GoossensDr. Y. Song (Wolf)
Faculty of Industrial Design EngineeringDelft University of Technology
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Aim
To develop a basic understanding of biomechanics and its applications in product designs Knowledge
To demonstrate that such a system might be modeled so as to provide useful data for designs Insight
To communicate with experts in their professional languages Communication
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Contents
• Biomechanics & Design
• Musculoskeletal system
• Body mass segments
• Case study in biomechanics
• Models of human perception
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Biomechanics
Biomechanics is the study of the
structure and function of
biological systems by means of
the methods of mechanics.
Biomechanics
• Humans• Animals• Plants • Organs and• Cells
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Biomechanics contributes to industrial design
Courtesy of http://mdmpr.com/blog/open-day-at-the-ast-physiotherapy-rehabilitation-centre/, http://www.ergonomics.co.uk/bma_ergonomic_chairs.html
Medisign, TUDelft
Ergonomics office chair
Vacuum gripper for surgeons, By Durandus Vonck, TUDelft
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Improving performance from both equipment and user point of views
Courtesy of http://www.ecu.edu/cs-hhp/exss/SMotion.cfm
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Understanding ourselvesRepeat: Human systems
…
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The nervous system
The respiratory system
The integumentary system
The musculoskeletalsystem
The circulatory system
The gastrointestinal system
The urinary system The reproductive system
The immune systemThe endocrine system
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Anatomy of musculoskeletal systemSkeletal system
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Musculoskeletal system
A musculoskeletal system is
a system that gives animals and
humans the ability to move using
the muscular and skeletal systems.
Musculoskeletal system
• Form• Support• Stability and• Movement
It provides the to the body
Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system
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The Skeletal System
Bones – skeleton
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments - bone to bone
Tendon - bone to muscle
The Skeletal System
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
Courtesy of Essentials Of Human Anatomy Physiology 8th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Flat , curved (skull, Sternum)
Irregular- odd shapes (vertebrae, pelvis)
Usually square in shape, cube like (wrist, ankle)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones are longer than they are wide (arms, legs)
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Bones of the Human Body
Courtesy of http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/bone_structure.php
Compact bone• Homogeneous
Spongy bone• Small needle‐like pieces of bone• Many open spaces
The skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
206
2
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Spongy bone
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Inside bones• Osteocytes
• Osteoclasts• Osteoblasts
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Mechanical properties of bones
Courtesy of http://trendsupdates.com/golden-apple-by-steuben-glass-a-perfect-gift-for-christmas/, http://www.ztmedic.com/Content.aspx?news_prop=C200&id=31159
Comparing to other materials
Stress-strain curve of the bone
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Anisotropic behavior of bone
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Some other aspects of bone
Ageing
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Bone fracturePossible treatments
Closed (simple) fracture
– break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture
– broken bone penetrates through the skin
Bone fracture is a break in a bone • Conservative
• Surgical
Courtesy of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture
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Joints – Anatomy
A joint, or articulation, is the place
where two bones come together.
Joints
Fibrous – immovable: - connect bones, no movement. (skull and pelvis).
Cartilaginous – slightly movable:- bones are attached by cartilage, a little movement (spine or ribs).
Synovial – freely movable;- Much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.
Courtesy of http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gomphoses, http://rozeklaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/facet-joint.jpg; http://www.m-a-i.in/joints.html
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Inside the Synovial Joint
Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_joint, Picture Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones.
The Synovial Joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings, Courtesy of http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Chapter7-Zoo145.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_joint
1. Nonaxial joint2. Allows only gliding movement3. Example: wrists, ankles, etc.
A: Plane joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings, Courtesy of http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Chapter7-Zoo145.htm
1. Uniaxial joint2. Allows rotation;3. Examples: elbow and knee joints.
B: Hinge joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings, Courtesy of http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Chapter7-Zoo145.htm
1. Uniaxial joint2. Allows rotation;3. Examples: elbow and ankle joints.
C: Pivot joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings, Courtesy of http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Chapter7-Zoo145.htm
1. Biaxial2. Allows movement in two planes3. Examples: Wrist joint, etc.
d: Condyloid joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings, Courtesy of http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Chapter7-Zoo145.htm
1. Biaxial2. Allow movement in the sagittal and frontal planes3. Example: Carpometacarpal joint
e: Saddle joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings, Courtesy of http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Chapter7-Zoo145.htm
1. Multiaxial2. Rotation3. Examples: Shoulder joint, Hips joint
f: Ball and Socket joint
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Ligament and tendon
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjmin Cummings, Courtesy of http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Chapter7-Zoo145.htm
Band of fibrous connective tissue
Connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension
Tendon
Function-Transfer muscle force
-Transfer energy from one joint to another (through biarticular muscle)
-Store and release energy for• Efficient locomotion• Increased power output• Increased contraction velocity
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ConnectionsStrong tendon weak muscletendon sheets - aponeursoses
Deltiod muscle to humerus and claivicula
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Connections
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Ligament and tendon
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjmin Cummings, Courtesy of http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Chapter7-Zoo145.htm
The fibrous tissue Connects bones to
other bones
Ligament
Function
• Prevent joint dislocation• Limit joint excursion• Guide joint motion• Constrain tendon paths
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Ligament in the finger
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Ligament in the leg
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Applications: Exo-L
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Types of movements
Courtesy of http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%202/chapter_8_articulations%20with%20figures.htm, http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/Joints_Articulations.html
Abduction - movement away from longitudinal axis
Adduction- movement toward longitudinal axis
Flexion- reduces angle of articulating elements in anterior-posterior plane
Extension-increases angle of elements in anterior-posterior plane
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Anatomy of musculoskeletal systemMuscle
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
• The human body is comprised of 324 muscles
• Muscle makes up 30-35% (in women) and 42-47% (in men) of body mass.
• There are three types of muscles
The muscle
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
• The human body is comprised of 324 muscles
• Muscle makes up 30-35% (in women) and 42-47% (in men) of body mass.
• There are three types of muscles
The muscle
Produce movement or tension
Generate heat
Muscle cells are excitable
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
• The human body is comprised of 324 muscles
• Muscle makes up 30-35% (in women) and 42-47% (in men) of body mass.
• There are three types of muscles
The muscle
Skeletal (Striated) Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
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Components of skeletal muscle
Muscle belly
Muscle fibrebundle
Myofibril
Muscle fibre
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Muscle properties
Muscle
Extensibility
Elasticity
Contractility
Excitability
•Capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus
•Ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched
•Ability of a muscle to shorten with force
•Muscle can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree
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Types of Muscle Contraction
• Length of muscle shortens• Muscle force is greater than the
resistance
Concentric contraction
• No change in muscle length• Muscle force is equal to the
resistance
Static or Isometric contraction
• Muscle lengthens• Muscle force is less than the
resistance
Eccentric contraction
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Muscle Contraction: twitch
Courtesy of http://faculty.weber.edu/nokazaki/Human_Biology/Chp%206-muscular-system.htm
Active muscle force is proportional to number of active actin/myosin binding sites.
The number of sites available for actin/myosin binding depends on the muscle's length.
The greatest number of actin-myosin binding sites are available when the muscle fiber is at an intermediate length
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Length vs. Tension Curve
Length
Tension
Active Tension
Passive Tension
Total Tension
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Mass segment of human body
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Centre of gravity (c.g.) of body segments
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Centre of gravity (c.g.) of body segments
Proximal side
Distal side
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Mass of body segmentFollowing Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement
Segment SegmentTotal Body Weight
Centre of Mass Segment length
Centre of Mass Segment length
Proximal DistalHand 0.006 0.506 0.494
Forearm 0.016 0.43 0.57Upper arm 0.028 0.436 0.564
F'arm+hand 0.022 0.682 0.318Upper limb 0.05 0.53 0.47
Foot 0.0145 0.5 0.5Shank 0.0465 0.433 0.567Thigh 0.1 0.433 0.567
Foot + shank 0.061 0.606 0.394Lower Limb 0.161 0.447 0.553
Head, neck, trunk 0.578 0.66 0.34Head, neck, arms,
trunk 0.678 0.626 0.374
Head and neck 0.081
Ref. http://books.google.nl/books?id=_bFHL08IWfwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=snippet&q=mass%20segment&f=false
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Mass of body segmentby Zatsiorskji and Selujanov (1979), based on athlete's data
Courtesy of http://biomech.ftvs.cuni.cz/pbpk/kompendium/biomechanika/geometrie_hmotnost_en.php
+ + Height (cm)
Mass (kg)Mass of the
segment (kg)
Coefficient Segment name B0[kg] B1 B2[kg/cm]
Head+neck 1.296 0.0171 0.0143Hand -0.1165 0.0036 0.00175
Forearm 0.3185 0.01445 -0.00114Upperarm 0.25 0.03012 -0.0027
Leg -0.829 0.0077 0.0073Shank -1.592 0.03616 0.0121Thigh -2.649 0.1463 0.0137Trunk
Upper part of the trunk 8.2144 0.1862 -0.0584
Middle part of the trunk 7.181 0.2234 -0.0663
Lower part of the trunk -7.498 0.0976 0.04896
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Case study: Mass segments of a child throws a ball
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Centre of gravity
Segmental centre of gravity
End of segments
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Case studies
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Case study: Yoga elastic band
Consider using an elastic yoga band in the yoga lesson:
What is the angular velocity of her leg if she applies a 32 Nm torque on her hips joint?
We choose:• Her height is 170cm;• Her mass is 60 kg;• She is a Dutch;• The spring constant of the elastic
band is 100N/m• Every part of her body is fixed
except the hip joint; • The elastic band is fixed around
the ankle
Yoga elastic band
Courtesy of http://www.physio-pedia.com/Musculoskeletal_Physiotherapy_Courses
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System & components
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SystemSystem
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Left Foot
Left Shank Spring
Hip jointLeft Thigh
Courtesy of http://www.physio-pedia.com/Musculoskeletal_Physiotherapy_Courses
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A simple sketch
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The image part with relationship ID rId4 was not found in the file.
Left Foot
Left Shank Spring
Hip jointLeft Thigh
Courtesy of http://www.physio-pedia.com/Musculoskeletal_Physiotherapy_Courses
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55Challenge the future
Explore geometric relationsThe image part with relationship ID rId4 was not found in the file.
2 tan5 5cos1 5sin
8 5 5cos 1 5sin
Courtesy of http://www.physio-pedia.com/Musculoskeletal_Physiotherapy_Courses
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ModellingThe image part with relationship ID rId4 was not found in the file.
( 2 4 6
( 2 4 6
k 8 1 L5sinα
Mass of the thigh, shank and foot
Gravity of the thigh, shank and foot
Spring
User
Inertia force
Resist to the movement
Resist to the movement
Trigger the movement
0
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57Challenge the future
Establish relationsThe image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file.
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3D human model based on Dined data
To be introduced in H-L-3 lecture
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58Challenge the future
Establish relations
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Anthropometric modelThe image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file.
Segment
Proximal DistalHand 0.006 0.506 0.494
Forearm 0.016 0.43 0.57Upper arm 0.028 0.436 0.564
F'arm+hand 0.022 0.682 0.318Upper limb 0.05 0.53 0.47
Foot 0.0145 0.5 0.5Shank 0.0465 0.433 0.567Thigh 0.1 0.433 0.567
Foot + shank 0.061 0.606 0.394Lower Limb 0.161 0.447 0.553
Head, neck, trunk 0.578 0.66 0.34Head, neck, arms,
trunk 0.678 0.626 0.374
Head and neck 0.081
Body mass segments
Parameters for the model
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59Challenge the future
Establish relations
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Angle θ
Angular acceleration
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From objective perceptions to subjective perceptions
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61Challenge the future
The human: Two worlds
Same?
Objective perceptions: physical worldObjective perceptions: physical world
Units Additive cognitive process
Subjective perceptions: introspectionSubjective perceptions: introspection
Units? rules? sensory process
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62Challenge the future
Just noticeable difference
The smallest detectable difference between a
starting and secondary level of a particular
sensory stimulus
Simple up-down method (Boff 1932)
Just noticeable difference
Δ
Weber's Law: It states that the ratio of the increment threshold to the background intensity is a constant
IncrementConstant
To be determined by experiment
Background intensity
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Weber’s law & Fechner’s law
Δ
Weber's Law:
subjective, perceived, psychological
intensity
Physical intensity
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log
Mathematically, Webers’ law and
Fechner’s law are equivalent
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Steven’s power law
Constant: depends on the type of stimulation
Subjective magnitude
Magnitude of the physical stimulus
Constant: depends on the type of stimulation & Units
Types Exponent Loudness 0.67Vibration 0.95Brightness 0.33Smell 0.6Cold 1Discomfort, cold 1.7Discomfort, warm 0.7Muscle force 1.7Electric shock 3.5… …
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Industrial design applications
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Industrial design applications
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Bio mechanicsSports Furniture
Medical equipment
Courtesy of www.nike.com, http://www.aaop.ca/community/, http://gymflow100.com/common-cardio-machine-workout-mistakes/
The image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file.The image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file.
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Thank You
Prof. Dr. ir. Richard GoossensDr. Wolf Y. Song
Faculty of Industrial Design EngineeringDelft University of Technology