UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

LECTURE PLAN

VINOBA BHAVE UNIVERSITY, HAZARIBAG

Semester – 2 Paper – 5 Animal Physiology and Biochemistry

Lesson plan of Dr Anjana Verma S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

2 Role of Haemoglobin in transport of gases, Hill reaction 4

5 5. Muscle 5.1 Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibers

5.2 Muscle proteins

5.3 Sequence of events in contraction and relaxation of skeletal

muscle

5.4 Cori cycle

4

6 6. Stress physiology 6.1 Altitude physiology 6.2 Physiologic response to heat and cold

3

Lesson plan of Dr Noor Alam 1 1. Nutrition

1.1 Overview of digestion and absorption of macronutrients

1.2 Gastrointestinal hormones and regulation

3

3 3. Excretion 3.1 Urine formation

3.1.1 Glomerular filtration

3.1.2 Tubular reabsorption and secretion

3.1.3 Counter current mechanism

3.1.4 Hormonal regulation

3.2 Ornithine cycle

3.3 Acid-base balance and homeostasis

4 2. Nervous system

2.1 Axonal transmission

2.1.1 Neuron and its types

2.1.2 Genesis of membrane potential and action potential

2.1.3 Sodium-potassium pump

2.2 Synaptic transmission

2.2.1 Types of synapses and synaptic knobs

2.2.2 Excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potential

2.2.3 Chemical transmission, neurotransmitters (acetylcholine,

catecholamines, serotonin and GABA)

6

Biochemistry Lesson plan of Dr Ajay K Sharma

S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

1 1. Protein structure 1.1 Amino acid

1.1.1 Structure

1.1.2 Reactions due to functional groups

1.1.3 Titration curve

2.1 Primary structure, peptide bond

2.2 Secondary structure-α helix, β pleated sheet & Protein

bfolding, Ramachandran plot

2.3 Tertiary and Quartenery structure – Bonds stabilizing

structure, Domains and motifs

6

2 2. Enzymes 2.1 Classification and general properties 2.2 Enzyme kinetics - Lowering of activation energy, Derivation of Michaelis- Menten equation

4

3 3. Carbohydrates 3.1Structure and classification of Carbohydrates.Properties of

monosacarides and Oligisaccharides

3.2 Polysaccharide of physiological significance.

3

4 4. Metabolism 4.1 Glycolysis & Krebs cycle: Pathway & regulation, Kreb’s cycle as

metabolic mill

4.2 Oxidative metabolism: electron transport chain, oxidative

phosphorylation

6

5 5.Lipids 5.1-Lipids of physiologic (Clinical) significance, membrane lipids,

cholesterol

5.2 Synthesis and Oxidation of fatty acids

5

6 Inborn Errors of Amino acids catabolism- Alkaptonuria, Albinism and Phenylketonuria

2

Semester 2

Paper 6 - Functional Histology and Tools & Techniques in Biology

Lesson Plan of

Dr D N Sadhu, Dr Anjana Verma, Dr Mohd Sohail and Ms Shayan Shakeel

Lesson plan of Dr Anjana Verma S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

1 1. Tools and techniques in Biology 1.1 Microscopy, principle & applications

1.1.1 Fluorescence microscope 1.1.2 Electron microscope

5

2 2. General Principle and applications of 2.1 Spectrophotometry: Visible, UV visible 2.2 Ultra centrifuge

5

Lesson plan of Dr Mohd Sohail S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

3 3. Cryotechniques: - Cryopreservation of cells, tissues, organs and organisms.

2

4 4. Separation techniques. 4.1 Chromatography, principle type and applicantion, 4.2 Electrophoresis, Principles, types and applications PAGE and agarose gel Electrophoresis.

4

5 5. Immunological techniques 5.1 ELISA 5.2 Immunodiffusion (Single & Double)

3

Lesson plan of Dr D N Sadhu S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

6 6. Histochemistry: Histochemical stains 6.1 General protein localization by Mercury Bromophenol Blue 6.2 Proteins with – NH2 groups by Ninhydrin-Schiff reaction 6.3 Proteins with –SS- groups by Performic acid-Schiff and

Performic acid- Alcian Blue 6.4 DNA by Feulgen reaction

5

9 9. Mammalian Histology 9.1 Liver 9.2 Kidney 9.3 Stomach 9.4 Bone and Cartilage

6

Lesson plan of Ms Shayan Shakeel S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

7 7. Molecular biology techniques 5

7.1 Southern blotting 7.2 Northern blotting 7.3 Western blotting

DNA Sequencing

8 8. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 3

Semester 2

Paper 7 - Immunology and Microbiology

Lesson Plan of Dr B K Gupta and Dr K K Gupta

Lesson plan of Dr B K Gupta Microbiology S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

1 1. Methods in microbiology: 1.1 Theory and practice of sterilization

1.2 Culture media

1.2.1. Pure culture techniques

1.2.2. Enrichment culture techniques

5

2 2. Bacteria

2.1 Classification

2.2 Structure

2.3 Bacterial growth and growth curve

4

3 3. Virus

3.1 Classification

3.2 Structure of viruses

3.3 Reproduction

3.3.1 Lytic cycle

3.3.2 Lysogenic cycle

3.3.3 Role of lambda repressor

6

4 4. Pathogenic microbes

4.1 HIV

4.2 Rabies

4.3 Foot and Mouth diseases

4.4 Prions

5

5 5. Antibiotics: Chemistry their mode of action 2

6 6. Vaccine: Types, Vaccine preparation. 3

7 7. Environmental Microbiology Sewage treatment, Bio fertilizers. 4

Lesson plan of Dr K K Gupta Immunology

S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

1 1. Overview of the immune system 1

2 2. Organization and structure of Iymphoid organs. 2

3 3. Cells of the immune system: 3.1 T- cell generation activation and differentiation

3.2 B-cell - generation activation and differentiation 4

4 4. Lymphocyte traffic 2

5 5. Antigen 5.1 Nature of antigens and superantigens 5.2 Antigenicity and immunogenicity

5.3 Epitopes and hapten

2

6 6. Major Histocompatibility Complex in mouse and HLA system in human 2

7 7. Organization and expression of lg genes, Generation of antibody diversity 2

8 8. Cytokines: Structure and functions and their receptors 2

9 9. Complement system: Component and functions 2

10 10. Hypersensitivity 2

11 11. Transplantation Immunology 2

Paper 8 Practical

List of Practicals. Distribution according to syllabus

1. Physiology Experiment:

1. Determination of blood pressure by sphygnmanometer.

2. Demonstration of diffusion process/osmosis across a membrane

3. Determination of clotting and bleeding time

2. Biochemistry

1. Construction of models of bio molecules by wire and beads.

2. Preparation of haemin crystal.

3. Estimation of Hb concentration.

4. Detection of presence of blood by Benzedrine test

5. Quantitative estimation of glucose in the unknown sample

3. Study of laboratory apparatus- autoclave, Microtome, pH meter, Centrifuge, Colorimeter,

4. Techniques

1. Microtomy- Fixation , block preparation, section cutting ,spreading and staining

of tissues section.

2. Histochemical demonstration

a. Sudan black for lipid

b. PAS for carbohydrate

c. Bromophenol blue for protein

3. Morphometric measurement by oculometer and stage micrometer

4. Image drawing by camera lucida

5. Paper chromatography

5. Microbiology

1. Sterilisation technique

2. Media preparation for microbial culture

3. Gram staining of bacteria

4. Antibody sensitivity test

6. Immunology

1. Study of Immune cells in a blood film.

2. Demonstration of agglutination reaction by blood grouping.

3. Mancini’s radial Immunodiffusion test

4. Ouchterlony double Immunodiffusion test

Semester 4

Paper 13 - ENTOMOLOGY

Lesson Plan of

Lesson plan of Dr Noor Alam, Dr B K Gupta S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

A 1 Classification and phylogeny of Insects I. Classification of the Apterygote Orders : Thysanura, Diplura, Protura

and Collembola

II. Classification of Exopterygote Orders: Orthoptera, Dictyoptera,

Hemiptera.

iii. Classification of Endopterygote Orders: Lepidoptera, Diptera,

Hymenoptera and Coleoptera

10

Lesson plan of Dr B K Gupta S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

B I Integument: Structure and chemistry 2

B II Head: Segmentation and its appendages 2

B III Thorax and its appendages: Wings - Structure, venation and articulation 2

B IV Digestive system: General structure and modification of the alimentary canal, salivary glands, mechanism of digestion

2

B V Respiration - Respiration in aquatic, terrestrial insects 4

B VI Circulatory system: Haemolymph, constituent and their function, Heart and accessory pulsatile organs

2

B VII Excretion - Malphighian tubules and other organs of excretion 3

B X Endocrinology:

a. NSC and neurohormones,

b. Corpora allata and JH,

c. Prothoracic gland and MH.

d. Hormonal control of ecdysis & metamorphpsis,

e. Hormonal control of reproduction.

f. Pheromones and its role.

8

B XI Reproductive system and its Physiology 4

B XII Development up to gastrulation 2

B XIII Diapause in insects 2

Lesson plan of Dr Noor Alam S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

VIII Sense organs and perception : a) Mechanoreceptors,

b) Chemoreceptors,

c) Visual organs

6

IX Effector organs: Light producing organs and mechanism of light production 2

Paper 14 - ENTOMOLOGY

Lesson Plan of

Dr Noor Alam, Dr A K Sharma

Lesson plan of Dr Noor Alam S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

4 Group characteristics of insecticide, structure and function of a. organochlorine, b. organophosphorus, c. carbamate, d. fumigants, e. IGRs

8

6 Locust- phase transition, periodicity, migration, biology and control measures 2

Lesson plan of Dr Ajay Kumar Sharma S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

1 Definition of pesticides, brief history, Dose-response relationship; mode of action of 2 insecticides

2

2 Insecticide formulation 2

3 Principles of pest control 2

5 Identification, seasonal history, biology, nature of damage and control measures of important pests of-

a. Paddy, b. Cotton, c. Vegetable crops, d. Sugarcane and e. Stored grains

10

7 Biological control of pests 3

8 Integrated Pest Management 2

9 Pheromones- production, and their use in pest surveillance and management

3

10 Plant resistance to insects: types of resistance, mechanism of resistance-antibiosis and

4

antixenosis

11 Insect Society: group of social insects and their social life; evolution of sociality:

a. social organization and social behaviour in honey bee, b. termites and c. Wasps.

6

12 Forensic Entomology: Introduction to forensically important insects 3

ENTOMOLOGY PRACTICAL Dr Noor Alam, Dr A K Sharma, Dr B K Gupta

Major Dissection:

General anatomy and nervous system of Poikilocerus, Apis

Minor Dissection and temporary mounting:

Tentorium of Cockroach, Arista and Haltere of House fly, Tympanum of Grasshopper,

Spiracle of Grasshopper / Cockroach, Sting apparatus and Pollen basket of Honeybee, Scales

of Butterfly/ Moth, Antennae of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, Reproductive system of

Mosquito. Taxonomic description and identification of various insects belonging to the order:

Phasmida, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera,

and Lepidoptera

Study of permanent slides:Whole mount of mouth parts, antenna, wings, legs, and genitalia

Histological slides of Digestive, Excretory, Reproductive, and Endocrine organs

Study of pests: Stored grains, Paddy, Wheat, Vegetable, Sugarcane, Aphids, Termites,

Gryllotalpa, and Poikilocerus

Study of life history of beneficial insects: Mulberry / Tassar silk moth, Lac insect

Embryological studies: i. Study of the life –cycle of Drosophila

ii. Study of the external genitalia and slide preparation of

a) Diptera – Drosophila, Musca b) Orthoptera – Grasshopper c) Dictyoptera – Periplaneta

Study of common equipments used in insect control programmes.

Semester 4

Paper 13 – MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Lesson Plan of

Dr K K Gupta

S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

1 Molecules of Central dogma of gene expression 1.1 DNA:

1.1.1 Structure , Types of DNA

1.1.2 Quadruplex DNA

1.1.3 Interrupted DNA

1.1.4 Overlapping DNA

1.1.5 Unique and Repetitive Cot values

1.1.6 Super coiling of DNA and linking number

paradox

1.1.7 C-Value paradox

1.1.8 DNA Replication: Double stranded DNA,

Single Stranded DNA Replication

1.2 In-vitro synthesis of DNA

1.3 DNA damage & Repair

1.4 DNA Sequencing

20

2 RNA 2.1 Transcription in Prokaryote and Eukaryote 2.2 Transcription factors-RNA binding motif and proteins 2.3 Activators and repressor of transcription 2.4 Post transcriptional processing : Capping, Tailoring, splicing and

alternate splicing, mRNA Stability, RNA degradation, RNA editing 2.5 Transcription Attenuation 2.6 RNA Export

8

3 Protein: 3.1 Protein sequencing , protein splicing 3.2 In-vitro synthesis of Protein 3.3 Protein folding and thermodynamics: Levienthal paradox, molten

globules, Chaperonin & chaperones 3.4 Proteasomal degradation system 3.5 Translation of protein in eukaryotes

5

4 Gene Silencing 4.1 DNA methylation and acetylation 4.2 Doses compensation 4.3 Histone code 4.4 RNA interference

4.5 Antisense RNA

9

5 Gene Amplification 2

6 DNA finger printing 2

Semester 4

Paper 13 – BIOTECHNOLOGY

Lesson Plan of

Dr A K Sharma and Ms Shayan Shakeel

Lesson plan of Ms Shayan Shakeel

S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

1 Basic principles of genetic engineering I. Enzymology – restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, polymerase

II. Cloning vehicles – Plasmids, Cosmids, (lambda) – phage, Shuttle vectors, Ti – plasmids, YAC

6

2 Introduction of cloned genes into host cells. Transformation, Transduction, Particle gun electroporation, Liposome

3

3 Analysis and expression of cloned genes in host cells i. RFLP, RAPD, AFLP analysis.

ii. PCR, DNA probes, expression of genes. iii. Immunological screening

9

4 Gene libraries I Construction and analysis of C- DNA library, application of gene library, YACs II Genomic DNA library

6

Lesson plan of Dr A K Sharma S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

5 Changing genes i. Site directed mutagenesis

ii. Protein engineering

6

6 Molecular biotechnology of Microbial system I. Production of pharmaceutical enzymes,

II. Monoclonal antibody III. Production of vaccines IV. Production of single cell protein

8

7 Human gene therapy i. Viral gene delivery system,

ii. Non viral gene delivery system iii. Prodrug activation therapy iv. Nucleic acid as therapeutic agent. v. Oligonucleotide correction of genetic system

8

8 Patenting biotechnology inventions, ethical issues and biosafety regulations 4

Semester 4

Paper 16 – PRACTICAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Lesson Plan of

Dr A K Sharma and Dr K K gupta Dr Mohd Sohail and Ms Shayan Shakeel

Use of Autoclave Use of Laminar flow Use of Micropipette Use of Centrifuge Preparation of gel Use of colorimeter Use of Spectrophotometer Use of ELISA plate reader Isolation of DNA Isolation of Protein Use of PCR

Semester 4

Paper 13 – FISH DIVERSITY AND FISH BIOLOGY

Lesson Plan of

Dr D N Sadhu, Dr A K Sharma

Lesson plan of Dr D N Sadhu S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

1 Outline classification of fishes (with reference to living fresh water and marine fishes of India

2

2 Origin and evolution of fishes 2

3 Adaptive radiation in Teleost 2

4 General organization of a) Holocephali b) Coelacanth

2

5 Fish behavior: Migration 2

6 Origin of paired fins. 2

7 Structure and modification of swim bladder 2

8 Digestive system and its modification in teleosts in relation to food and feeding habits

2

9 Respiration: a. Respiratory organs and respiration in teleosts b. Accessory respiratory organs

4

10 Osmoregulation and excretion in fishes 3

11 Histophysiology of endocrine tissues of fishes with special reference to a. Pituitary gland b. Thyroid c. Adrenocortical tissue d. Corpuscles of Stannius

8

12 Reproduction 2

13 Adaptation in teleosts – a. Hill stream, b. Cave c. Colouration, and Bioluminescence

6

14 Miscellaneous topics a. Ornamental and b. larvivorous fishes.

4

Lesson plan of Dr A K Sharma S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

15 Genetics of Fish development: Zebra fish 4

16 Transgenic fish 2

Semester 4

Paper 14 – APPLIED FISH BIOLOGY

Lesson Plan of

Dr D N Sadhu And Dr Anjana Verma

Lesson plan of Dr D N Sadhu

S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

1 Characteristics of water reservoir of India 4

2 Introduction of world fisheries and Indian fisheries – a. Resource b. Production c. Export

2

3 Fish farm construction and maintenance 2

4 Carp culture in India – Extensive, Semi-intensive, intensive and super intensive 2

5 Composite fish culture – Methods in detail and constraints 2

7 Aquaculture and its scope – a. Prawn farming (mono and poly culture ) b. pearl culture, edible oyster c. Poly culture

4

8 Reservoir fishes – a. Introduction to Reservoir fisheries in India b. Management of pre and post impoundment

3

11 Riverine fisheries in India and its problem 2

12 Role of different hormones in fish breeding 2

13 Hypophysation – a. Technique of hypophysation b. bundh breeding c. cage farming d. construction and maintenance of circular hatchery in detail e. Brood management, water requirement

4

14 Fish processing and preservation and by products 2

15 Fish spoilage – Environmental, pathogenetic, enzymatic and its precaution and control

2

16 Craft and Gears – Different types of crafts and gears used in different type of water bodies

2

Lesson plan of Dr Anjana Verma S No of Syllabus

Topic Hours of teaching

6 Role of Abiotc and Biotic factors in fish production – a. Role of soil parameters b. water parameters, and plankton

3

9 Pollution affecting fish production 2

10 Fish diseases – Environmental and pathogenic diseases and its control 2

Semester 4

Paper 16 – Fish and Fisheries

Lesson Plan of

Dr D N Sadhu Dr Ajay Kumar Sharma and Dr Anjana Verma 1. Major Dissection (Bony fish)

a. Afferent branchial arteries b. Efferent branchial arteries c. Cranial nerves

2. Minor dissection a. Weberian apparatus b. Accessory respiratory organ c. Pituitary gland d. Gonads

3. Mounting a. Scales b. fish fry c. fingerlings

4. Identification of local fresh fishes with morphometric measurements up to species.

5. Ecological experiments a. Determination of DO2 b. Determination of CO2 c. pH measurement with the help of pH meter d. Total alkalinity e. Toxicity determination f. Plankton identification.

6. Study of a. Bones b. Histological slides c. Net and Crafts d. Adaptive features