lecture objective -...
TRANSCRIPT
Lecture Objective *
• To understand the following:
a) European society on the eve of colonization
b) The impact religion had on European
society.
• The factors that made colonization possible.
• The impact colonization had on native
societies.
Western European Society, 11th -
14th century (before Columbus)
• An agriculture society
a) most were peasant farmers
• Men: fieldwork
• Women: a) child care b) food preparation c) no
inheritance or divorce
• Feudal society (hundreds of small territories)
a) Lords ruled territories
1) Demanded peasant labor and tribute in crops
Tres Riches
Heures, 15th
century
Lords accumulated great
wealth and power.
a) Lived in impressive castles
b) Peasants worked their
lands
Technological Breakthroughs
(11th -14th century)
• Water mills, iron plows, and improved
devices for harnessing ox
• Impact
a) Increased food productivity
b) Population almost tripled
b) Economy stimulated
Living Conditions for Most
Europeans
• Food sources for peasants:
a) bread
b) seasonal vegetables
• 1/3 children died by age 5
• ½ of population reached adulthood
• Black Death (1347-53): over ¼ of pop. died
Religion
• Roman Catholic Church
a) Hierarchy
1) pope-parish priest
b) Social hierarchy also justified
c) Most powerful landowner
• Actively persecuted
a) Non-believers and pagan followers
Merchant Class and Economic
Growth
• Economic growth resulted in commercial
expansion
• Impact
a) Growth markets and towns
• Commercial centers
a) Venice, Genoa, and Pisa
Merchants and Military
Expeditions
• Merchants supported the Crusades (end 11th
century)
• After the Crusades, Asian trade routes
a) Controlled by Italian merchants
• During Crusades: Contact with ancient texts
a) Impact: Renaissance (14th-16th)
Renaissance and Exploration
• Humanism celebrated:
a) Human possibility
b) Was human-centered
• Impact
a) Motivation to explore
Monarchies Gained Control
• Why nobles weakened?
a) Disease led to violence
b) Peasant rebellions
c) Warfare among nobles
• Monarchs gain power
a) Domestic order
b) Est. armies and navies
c) Had merchant support (trade increased)
Prince Henry The Navigator: Key
Role in Explorations
• Established institute of shipbuilders,
geographers, and instrument makers
• Where: Sagres, Portugal
• Innovations
a) The Caravel (new ship)
1) Incorporated Muslim/Asian ideas
An astrolabe,
13th century by
a Syrian
craftsman
Impact: Portuguese Explorations
• Trading forts
a) coasts of Africa
b) India
c) China
• Est. Atlantic slave trade
Columbus Reaches the Americas
• Financial support for explorations
a) Monarchs: Isabel and Ferdinand
1) Why?: Monarchs eager for new lands
• Columbus leaves Palos, Spain (Aug. 1492)
a) Landed in Bahamas on Oct. 1492
1) Vessels: La Nina, La Pinta, and La Santa Maria
La Nina
Incorporated
Arab and
Asian
designs
Columbus’ Voyage
Spanish in the Americas
• Colonization (early stages)
a) Extremely violent for native men and
women
• Puerto Rico and Jamaica invaded (1508)
• Cuba invaded (1511)
• Central America (1511)
Hernan Cortes and the Aztec
Empire
• Aztecs overthrown (1521)
• Why Aztecs defeated?
a) Disease (smallpox)
1) Biggest factor, undermined Aztecs’ ability
to resist Cortes.
b) Spaniards had superior weapons
c) Indian alliances
Florentine Codex (smallpox
victim)
Tenochititlan by Albrecht Durer
Impact on Native Societies
• Why the decline of native populations?
a) Spread of diseases in virgin soil (smallpox,
measles, and influenza)
b) Warfare
c) Famine
d) Birth rates down
Native Control
• Control of natives
a) Small minority
1) Europeans and their offspring
b) Forced labor
Other Explorers
• Alvares Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
• Golden cities (rumor)
• Francisco Vasques de Coronado
1) Searches golden cities
Destruction of the Indies by Bartolome de las
Casas, 1599 ed.
Europeans in the New World
• Late 1500s
a) European immigrants in New World
1) Mostly Spaniards
• 10% European women
• Male colonists: cohabited w/native women
• By 1600 Africans brought to New World
a) 125,000 (Caribbean and Brazil)
The Spanish in North America
• Ponce de Leon
a) Lands in Florida (1513)
1) De Leon killed in 1521
• Hernan de Soto
a) Lands in Florida (1539)
1) Impact: spread of diseases to Natives
French Explore North America
• Who: Giovanni da Verrazana
• When: 1524, Where: North American Coast
• Impact:
a) Jacques Cartier explores St. Lawrence
River
1) French imperial claim of Canada
The French in the New World
• Fur trade (began 16th cent.)
• Native and French relationships:
a) commerce
a) Natives received: glass, ironware, textiles,
and glass, firearms, and metal knives
b) French gained: fur
Fur Trade (negative impact)
• Disease
• Warfare
a) Among tribes
1) Why: fur hunting grounds
• Natives
a) Dependency on Europeon goods
Friendly relations between French
and Timucuas, watercolor, 1564
The Protestant Reformation (revolt
against Roman Catholic Church)
• Martin Luther
a) Revolted against Church (1517)
• John Calvin (Luther’s follower)
a) Very influential
• Huguenots (French Protestants)
a) Calvin’s followers
First French Colonies In North
America
• 1st colony established in 1562
a) Who: Jean Ribault and 150 Huguenots
1) Goal: religious refuge
b) Where: Beaufort, South Carolina
• Second colony (1564)
a) Fort Caroline
1) St. Johns River (Florida)
The French land at the mouth of
the St. Johns River
England 16th Century (Change in
Economy)
• Prices of goods rose
a) Landlords needed more profits
b) solution: engage in woolen trade
1) Impact: sheep grazing displaced farmers
Protestant Reformation (England)
• Began with King Henry VIII (1509-47)
a) Why?: His marriage not annulled by pope
• King Henry VIII’s reaction
a) Supports Protestant Reformation
b) Established
1) Navy and army
Monarchy and Religion
(England)
• Edward IV (1547-1553): Protestant
• Mary I (1553-1558): Catholic and married
to Phillip II of Spain
• Elizabeth (1558-1603): moderate Protestant
a) Phillip II vowed to overthrow Elizabeth
Ireland: First English Colony
• Elizabeth’s goal was to subdue the Irish
• 1560’s Walter Raleigh and Humphrey
Gilbert
a) Attacked Irish (Catholic)
1) English farmers placed on Irish land
b) Impact: Irish dislocated and their land
taken
Irish Resistance
• Resisted occupation
• Emergence of
a) “wild/savage Irish”
• Seen as inferior
• Irish experiences carried/used
a) New World
Phillip II’s Reaction
• Smash England (1588)
• Spanish Armada
a) 130 ships
b) 30,000 men
• Why was England victorious?
a) smaller/maneuverable ships
b) ill-timed storm complicated Spain’s efforts
Columbian Exchange: Impact on
New World and Old World
• Exchange of foods, animals, diseases, crops,
and people
a) New World to Old World
b) Old World to New World