lecture notes (topic 3)

8/11/2019 Lecture Notes (Topic 3)

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Department of Civil EngineeringFaculty of Engineering

Dr. Abdullahi Ali Mohamed

H21 IS1 :Sustainabletransport Planning

TOPIC 3 :SUSTAINABILITY


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Learning Objectives

1) To overview the definition of sustainable developmentin civil engineering projects

2) To understand the transport issues & essential ofsustainable transportation

3) To overview the national policy on environment,

towards sustainable transportation

References

1) C.S. Papacostas & P.D. Prevedouros. 2005.

Transportation Engineering & Planning. PearsonPrentice Hall.

2) Department of Environment Malaysia. National Policyon Environment. 2002

3) www.doe.gov.my


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Sustainable Development

o Sustainable development is

development that "meets theneeds of the present withoutcompromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their ownneeds.(Brundtland Report)

o

Sustainable development is oftenmisinterpreted as focusing solelyon environmental issues. In reality,it is a much broader concept assustainable development policiesencompass 3 general policy

areas : Economic

Environmental

Social


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Sustainable Development (continued)

o Sustainable Development is

development that attempts tobridge the divide betweeneconomic growth &environmental protection, whiletaking into account other issuestraditionally associated withdevelopment.

o It seeks to develop means ofsupporting economic growthwhile supporting biodiversity,relieving poverty & without

using up natural capital in theshort term at the expense oflong term development.


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Relevance to Civil Engineering & Transport

o Civil engineer will appear to have a bad image ifnot taken into account the environment whenplanning, designing & building a project.

o One of the biggest civil engineering sectors istransport, which is construction & maintenance ofinfrastructure for transport.

o Transport in itself is unsustainable as it harms theenvironment, which will in turn affect futuregenerations.


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Relevance to Civil Engineering & Transport(continued)

o Briefly these problems are:

Emissions from vehicles cause pollution (air ornoise) & global warming

Physical damage also occurs to the environmentthrough land use

Social & economic problems can arise throughdecreased accessibility & division of communities.Often ownership of (a) car(s) is used as a measureof affluence

Health problems will also occur, partly due to

pollution but also from road accidents Resource use is also a problem, with fossil fuel

supplies beginning to run out


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Relevance to Civil Engineering & Transport(continued)

o The development of sustainable transport should aimto promote economic growth & prosperity but at thesame time provide equal opportunities for all & theavailability of certain modes of transport should notaffect the qualityof one's life.


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Brief History of Sustainable Transportation

o The concept of sustainable transportation is a reaction

to some of the things that have gone radically & visiblywrong with transportation policy, practice &performance over the last half of the 20thin particular(unsustainable resource take, energy profligacy,pollution, declining service levels despite increasinginvestments, poor service for specific social &economic groups).

o Over most of the century, it was assumed thatadequate transportation structures needed to be builtsince they provide an essential underpinning togrowth & economic health.

o Accordingly the main concern of transport planners &policy makers was, the "supply" of transportation, &specifically in ensuring adequate infrastructure tosupport all projected requirements.


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Brief History of Sustainable Transportation(continued)

o The dominant approach was, therefore, to forecast &then build to meet.

o As a result, it is claimed by many analysts & observersthat most places have as a results heavily overbuilttheir physical transportation infrastructures, which infact has led to unsustainable levels of traffic &

resource use.


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Transport Issues

o Economic

Imbalance economic growth

Slow economic growth

o Environmental

Air pollution Noise pollution

Global warming

Energy consumption

o Social & Society

Traffic congestion

Road accident & Safety


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Transport Issues (continued)

o Air pollution

Air pollution is the presence of any chemical,physical (e.g. particulate matter), or biologicalagent that modifies the natural characteristics ofthe atmosphere.

Air pollutants is that is emitted directly from a givensource, such as the carbon monoxide or sulfurdioxide, all of which are by-products ofcombustion.


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o Noise pollution

Usually called environmental noise in technicalvenues, is displeasing human- or machine-createdsound that disrupts the environment.

The overarching cause of most noise worldwide isgenerated by transportation systems, principallymotor vehicle noise, but also including aircraftnoise & rail noise.

Poor urban planning may also give rise to noisepollution, since juxtaposition of industrial toresidential land uses, for example, often results inadverse consequences for the residential acousticenvironment.


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o Global warming

Global warming is the rise intemperature of the earth'satmosphere.

The increased amounts ofcarbon dioxide (CO2) & other

greenhouse gases (GHGs) arethe primary causes of thehuman-induced componentof warming.

They are released by theburning of fossil fuels, land

clearing & agriculture, etc. &lead to an increase in thegreenhouse effect.


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o Energy consumption

Is a measure of the rate of energy use such as fuelsor electricity.

Essentially energy consumption seeks to quantifydynamic processes which create entropy.


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o Traffic congestion

Traffic congestion is a road conditioncharacterised by slower speeds, longer triptimes, & increased queuing.

It occurs when roadway demand is greater thanits capacity.

A period of extreme traffic congestion iscolloquially known as a traffic jam.


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o Road Accident & Safety

Road-traffic safety deals exclusively with roadtraffic crashes how to reduce their number & theirconsequences.

Aims to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, &property damage) resulting from crashes of roadvehicles travelling on public roads.


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Sustainable Transportation

o Also commonly referred to Sustainable Transport or

Sustainable Mobility.

o Sustainable transport is a phrase which was coined inthe late 20thcentury to describe all forms of transport,which minimise emissions of carbon dioxide &pollutants.

o Sustainable transport can mean public transport, carsharing (car pooling), walking & cycling as well astechnology such as electric / hybrid cars& biodiesel.

o Since its a sector-specific sub-set to the post-1988sustainable development movement, its often definedas Sustainable transportation is about meeting orhelping meet the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meettheir own needs.


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Sustainable Transportation (continued)

o Sustainable transport is about finding ways to move

people, goods & information in ways that reduce itsimpact on the environment, the economy & society(New Zealand Ministry for the Environment).

o Basically, the term encompasses a wide array ofeconomical, social & environmental effects that

should be taken into account when developing newtransport policy and/or projects in cities.

o Sustainable transportation concerns systems, policies& technologies.

o It aims for the efficient transit of goods & services, &sustainable freight & delivery systems.

o It is more about accessibility & mobility, than abouttransportation.

o Accessibility means the ability of reach desireddestination; mobility refers to amount of travel.


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o Some options of sustainable transportation :

Using transport modes that useenergy more efficiently, such aswalking or cycling, public transport

Improving transport choice byincreasing the quality of publictransport, cycling & walkingfacilities, services & environments

Improving the efficiency of our car use, such asusing more fuel efficient vehicles, driving moreefficiently, avoiding cold starts & car pooling

Using cleaner fuels & technologies


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Using telecommunications to reduce or replace

physical travel, such as tele-working or tele-shopping

Planning the layout of our cities to bring people &their needs closer together & to make cities morevibrant & walkable

Developing policies that allow & promote theseoptions


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National Policy on the Environment

o National Policy on the

Environment, which integratesthe 3 elements of sustainabledevelopment :

Economic

Social & cultural

development Environmental conservation

o It was formulated & approved in2002.

o The Policy aims at continued

economic, social & culturalprogress & enhancement of thequality of life of Malaysiansthrough environmentally sound& sustainable development.


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National Policy on the Environment(continued)

o It is based on 8 inter-related & mutually supporting

principles set to harmonise economic developmentgoals with environmental imperatives :

1) Stewardship of the Environment

2) Conservation of Nature's Vitality & Diversity

3) Continuous Improvement in the Quality of the

Environment4) Sustainable Use of Natural Resources

5) Integrated Decision-Making

6) Role of the Private Sector

7) Commitment & Accountability

8) Active Participation in the InternationalCommunity

o The National policy on the Environment serves as animportant guide to all stakeholders to ensure that theenvironment is clean, safe, healthy & productive.


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National Policy Towards SustainableTransportation

o Under the green strategies,

Energy conservation & the use of energy

efficienttechnology & process shall be promoted byappropriate pricing mechanisms, the setting ofefficiency standards, promoting technology transfer& providing consumer information.

The use of cleaner fossil fuels shall be encouraged.

Environmental consideration will be integrated intoall stages of development, programme planning &implementation & all aspects of policy making.

Investments in cost-effective, efficient. Lesspolluting & safer mass transportation system will bepromoted & encouraged.

Non-motorised transport will also be encouraged &control scheme will be develop & implemented.


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National Policy Towards SustainableTransportation (continued)

Integrated & effective cooperation &

coordination among government sectors& between government & other sectors,shall be enhanced in order to achieveefficient environmental management &protection.


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The EndThank You

lecture notes (topic 3)

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