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Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence
Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Edited by J. G. Carbonell and J. Siekmann
Lecture Notes in Computer Science Edited by G. Goos, J. Hartmanis and J. van Leeuwen
1114
Norman Foo Randy Goebel (Eds.)
PRICAI'96: Topics in Artificial Intelligence
4th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Cairns, Australia, August 26-30, 1996 Proceedings
Springer
Series Editors Jaime G. Carbonell, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA J6rg Siekmann, University of Saarland, Saarbrficken, Germany
Volume Editors
Norman Foo School of Computer Science and Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Randy Goebel Department of Computer Science, University of Alberta A|berta, CanadaT6G 2H1
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die D e u t s c h e B i b l i o t h e k - C I P - E i n h e i t s a u f n a h m e
T o p i c s in a r t i f i c ia l in te l l igence : p r o c e e d i n g s / PRICAI '96, 4 th Pac i f i c Rim I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on Ar t i f i c ia l In t e l l i gence , Cai rns , Aust ra l ia , August 26 - 30, 1996. N o r m a n Foo ; Randy G o e b e l (ed.). - Ber l in ; H e i d e l b e r g ; N ew Y o rk ; Ba rc e lona ; Budapes t ; H o n g Kong ; L o n d o n ; Mi l an ; Paris ; Santa Clara ; S ingapore ; Tokyo : Spr inger , 1996
(Lecture notes in computer science ; Volo 1114 : Lecture notes in artificial intelligence) ISBN 3-540-61532-6
NE: Foo, Norman [Hrsg.]; PRICAI <4, 1996, Cairns>; GT
CR Subject Classification (1991): 1.2
ISBN 3-540-61532-6 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer -Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
�9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996 Printed in Germany
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Preface
The Fourth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (PRI- CAI'96) held in Caims, Australia, is the successor to three earlier PRICAIs held in Nagoya, Seoul, and Beijing in the years 1990, 1992, and 1994 respectively. The gradual realization that the Pacific Rim is one of the most dynamic regions in the world has contributed to the recognition that it is not only an eager con- sumer of modem technology but increasingly also an innovator. That this is so in the area of industrial robotics was evident in Japan for over two decades, but the newer areas of AI like neural nets and knowledge representation are finding commercial applications for the first time in a number of Asian coun- tries. PRICAI was set up to facilitate and stimulate the exchange of AI research, information, and technology in this region while also functioning as a sister conference to its North American and European counterparts, the AAAI and ECAI. PRICAI'96 has formalized this cooperation by canvassing for papers to be iointly submitted to it and its sister conferences, and by obtaining logistic support from them. By hosting PRICAI'96, Australia is making a statement that it, together with the western seaboard of the Americas and New Zealand, is proudly part of this Pacific Rim. It is fitting that Calms, with its new convention centre, is the site of PRICAI'96 as it is often the arrival point of many Asian guests in Australia.
PRICAI'96 received over 175 paper submissions from 16 countries, including a good number from outside the Pacific Rim. From these, 56 were accepted for presentation (included in this volume) and another 10 for posters published separately. Most papers were refereed by three reviewers selected by members of the Program Committee, and a list of these reviewers appears on pages XI - XIII.
The technical program comprised two days of workshops and tutorials, followed by paper sessions, invited plenaryspeakers, and panels on Robotics and on AI and Telecommunications. The invited speakers, Juzar Motiwalla, Marvin Minsky, and Joerg Siekmann need no introduction. The Robotics Panel, chaired by Jane Hsu, included Shin'ichi Yuta, Rodney Brooks, and Ray Jarvis. The AI and Telecommunications Panel, chaired by Rye Senjen, was sponsored by Telstra Australia and included Andrew Jennings, Bhavani Raskuti and Kim Horn. As a measure of PRICAI's maturing status, even the workshops and tutorials had prominent AI researchers as speakers, including Rodney Brooks, John Sowa, and Henry Kyburg, to complement well-known AI researchers from the Pacific Rim listed in the Workshop and Tutorial Summaries.
The preparation for PRICAI'96 was the joint effort of many people and insti- tutions from many countries. Generous financial support of PRICAI'96 was
VI
given by a number of organizations and companies, and sister conferences and learned societies offered cooperation. Their names appear on page VII. We thank Springer-Verlag and its Computer Science Editor Alfred Hofmann for efficient assistance in publishing these proceedings of PRICAI'96 as a volume in its Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence series.
August 1996 Norman Foo and Randy Goebel Program Co-Chairs
Sponsors
PRICAI-96 gratefully acknowledges financial support from the following sponsors:
The Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Committee of the Australian Computer Society
The Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute The Australian Tourist Commission Continuum Ltd The CRC for Advanced Computational Systems The CRC for Intelligent Decision Systems CSIRO Division of Information Technology Defence Science and Technology Organisation Digital Equipment Australia Pty Ltd Distributed Systems Technology CRC Pty Ltd Griffith University The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Region 10 The Institute of Systems Science NUS The Queensland Government Department of Tourism, Small
Business and Industry Sun Microsystems Australia Pty Ltd
Cooperating Organizations and Conferences
PRICAI'96 is held in cooperation with:
The Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE) Asia-Pacific Region The American Artificial Intelligence Institute (AAAI) The Australian Computer Society (ACS) The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence (JSAI) The International Society for Applied Intelligence (ISAI) The European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI) The International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) The Canadian Society for the Computational Studies of Intelligence (CSCSI)
VIII
PRICAI Standing Steering Committee
Chair: Jin-Hyung Kim Korea Institute of Science & Technology
Committee: Michael Georgeff Randy Goebel Se June Hong Juzar Motiwalla Zhongzhi Shi Wai Kiang Yeap Benjamin Wah
Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute University of Alberta IBM TJ Watson Research Laboratories Institute of Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Otago University of Illinois
Conference Committee
General Co-Chairs: Michael McRobbie Robin Stanton
The Australian National University The Australian National University
Program Co-Chairs: Norman Foo Randy Goebel
University of Sydney University of Alberta
Local Arrangements Chair: Abdul Sattar Griffith University
Local Arrangements Co-Chairs: Shyam Kapur James Cook University Geoff Sutcliffe James Cook University
Workshop Co-Chairs: Pavlos Peppas Scott Goodwin
Macquarie University University of Regina
Tutorial Co-Chairs: Peter Eklund Ingrid Zukerman
University of Adelaide Monash University
Conference Secretariat: Susan Dickey Finn Aussi Conference Services
Leopoldo Bertossi Francisco J. Cantu David Dowe Phan Minh Dung Peter Eklund Norman Foo Randy Goebel Scott Goodwin Se June Hong Jenq-Neng Hwang David Israel R.A.Jarvis Alex Kean Jin Hyung Kim Young-Bin Kwon Younghwan Lim Dekang Lin Juzar Motiwalla Hiroshi Motoda Seung Soo Park Pavlos Peppas Claude Sammut Zhongzhi Shi Tatsuhiko Tsunoda W.K. Albert Yeap Chengqi Zhang Hong Zhang Ingrid Zukerman
I•
Program Committee
Universidad Catolica de Chile ITESM, Center for Artificial Intelligence Monash University Asian Institute of Technology University of Adelaide University of Sydney University of Alberta University of Regina IBM T.J. Watson Research Center University of Washington SRI Intemational Monash University Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Korea Institute of Science and Technology Chung-Ang University Soong Sil University University of Manitoba Institute of Systems Science Osaka University Ewha Womans University Macquarie University University of New South Wales Chinese Academy of Sciences Kyoto University University of Otago University of New England University of Alberta Monash University
Kyle Dean Amanda Erbacher Aditya Ghose Helen Hams Rex Kwok
Administrative Support
University of Sydney CRC for Advanced Computational Systems University of Sydney The Australian National University University of Sydney
Brendan McCane Maurice Pagnucco Joe Thurbon Denise Vercoe Deidre Whitelaw
James Cook University University of Sydney University of Sydney Griffith University The Australian National University
Markus Buchhorn Michael Lawley Timothy Nicholson Rattana Wetprasit
Programmers
The Australian National University Griffith University University of Sydney Griffith University
Workshop Organizers
Leila Alem CSIRO Div. of Info. Technology Grigoris Antoniou Griffith University Lawrence Cavedon RMIT Dominique Estival University of Melbourne Srinivas Padmanabhuni University of Alberta Dickson Lukose University of New England Rye Senjen Telstra Research Labs
Grigoris Antoniou Rodney Brooks Robert Dale Aditya K. Ghose Abhaya C. Nayak Anand S. Rao Claude Sammut John E Sowa
Tutorial Presenters
Griffith University MIT Microsoft Institute University of Sydney University of Sydney Australian AI Institute University of New South Wales SUNY Binghamton
Xl
PRICAI'96 Reviewers
PRICAI'96 is indebted to the following reviewers:
Jose Julio Alferes Chid Apte Chitta Baral Peter van Beek Ramon Brena T. Caelli Lewis Chau Hyung-I1 Choi Chin Seng Chua Paul Compton Honghua Dai Fred Dameran Peter Deer Patrick Doherty Ed Durfee Graham Farr Pascale Fung Chris Geib Laura Giordano Paul Gorman Jim Greer Kamal Gupta Nevin Heintze Jonathan Hosking M. Inaba Ken Jackson Hong Tae Jeon Hoon Kang Ray Kemp Ross King Igor Kononenko Ina Kraan Kok Fung Lai Chris Leckie Jimmy Ho-man Lee Sang-ho Lee Mun Kew Leong
Roy Anderson Mauricio Ayala Mathias Bauer Leopoldo Bertossi Andrew Burrow Michael Cameron-Jones Teo Seng Cheam Jong S Choi KyuSik Chung Dan Corbett Shiyong Dai John Debenham Marc Denecker David Dowe H. Durrant-Whyte George Ferguson Peter Gardenfors Aditya Ghose Roderick Girle James Gray Edna Grossman Michael Bonnell Harries Achim Hoffman Ken Hotz Makoato Iwayama Sanjay Jain Eric Jones Hirofumi Katsuno MinKoo Kim Takashi Kiriyama Hyung Joon Kook Phil Kremer E. Lamma Christopher Lee Jong-Hyeok Lee Seong-Whan Lee Neil Leslie
Grigoris Antoniou Michael Bain Rohan Baxter Michael Boshra Y.T. Byun Francisco J. Cantu Sung-Bae Cho Man-Hoi Choy Richard Cole Stephen Cranefield Robert Dale Hendrik Decker Simon Dixon Phan Minh Dung Kim Fairchild Marcus Frean Hector Geffner Roberto Giacobazzi Rajeev Gore Ian Green Lindsay Groves Fumio Hattori Masahiro Hori Scott B. Hunter Mark d'Inverno Margaret Jefferies Antonis Kakas Alex Kean Soo Dong Kim L. Kleeman R. Kotagiri C. Ronald Kube Mark Laner Dik Lee Ho Soo Lee Soo-won Lee Ho-fung Leung
xII
Jonathan Lever Joo Hwee Lim Fangzhen Lin Ling Liu Fred Lochovsky Michael Luck J. Mathews Ricky McConachy Paola Mello Rob Miller Riichiro Mizoguchi David Morley Seshashayee Murthy Hideyuki Nakashima Raymond Ng Toyoaki Nishida Jon Oliver Rae-Hong Park Wanlin Pang Edward Pednault Charles Petrie Hae-Chang Rim Bhavani Raskutti Chris Robertson Francesca Rossi Pablo Saez Marshall Schor Arun Sharma Guillermo Simari Mark Stickel Jiping Sun Ah Hwee Tan Takao Terano Kentaro Torisawa George Tsiknis Katsuhiko Tsujino Henk Vandecasteele Chris Wallace Tony Weida Andrew Wilson
Qing Li Young-hwan Lim A. Lipton John Lloyd Boon Toh Low Dickson Lukose Eric Mays Kathleen McCoy Alberto Mendelzon Guy Mineau Chunghua Mo Juzar Motiwalla Karen Myers Yoshio Nakatani Teow Hin Ngair Chris Nowak Paek Eun Ok Young Tack Park Dan Patterson Pavlos Peppas Javier Pinto V Ram Kumar Greg Restall Simon Ronald Enrique Ruspini Claude Sammut Lenhard Schubert Y. Shirai Gurminder Singh Pablo Straub Toshiharu Sugawara Toshikazu Tanaka Gil Tidhar J. Trevelyan Eric Tsui Takehito Utsuro S, Venkatesh Jun Wang Kay Wiese Wayne Wobcke
Yunfeng Li Dekang Lin Dayou Liu Jorge Lobo Helen Lowe Nicole Malloy Gordon McCalla Joao Meidanes Tim Menzies Grisha Mints Leora Morgenstern Hiroshi Motoda Sivakumar Nagarajan Abhaya Nayak Heinrich Niemann Masayuki Numao Maurice Pagnucco Srinivas Palthepu Judea Pearl Nigel Perry Martin Purvis Anand Rao Robert Rist Barry Rosen R.A. Russell Ken Satoh Luis Serra Andreas Shotter John Slaney Peter Stuckey Tatsuhiko Tsunoda Ahmed Tawfik Kaiming Ting Andre Trudel Hiroshi Tsuji Manuel Valenzuela Jacques Wainer Xian-chang Wang Mary-Anne Williams Dekai Wu
•
Jian Kang Wu Beat Wuthrich Qianq Yang Wai Kiang Yeap Seo Jung Yun Minjie Zhang Chengqi Zhang
Xindong Wu Yang Xiang Xin Yao Kennichi Yoshida A. Zelinski Nevin Zhang Tatjana Zrimec
Zhibiao Wu Seiji Yamada Meng Ye Xinghuo Yu Jian Zhang Yan Zhang Ingrid Zukerman
Contents
Machine Learning I
A General Framework for Mechanizing Induction Using Test Set Adel Bouhoula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inductive Equational Reasoning Michael Bulmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Cost-Sensitive Specialization Geoffrey I. Webb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Efficient Multiple Predicate Learner B ased on Fast Failure Mechanism Xiaolong Zhang and Masayuki Numao . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Interactive Systems
Acquiring User Preferences for Information Filtering in Interactive Multi-Media Services Bhavani Raskutti and Anthony Beitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The Development of an Interactive Fault Diagnosis Expert System for Telecommunication Applications Ming Zhao and Chris Leckie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
An Intelligent Education System Which Supports Scientific Thinking: Galileo - Philosophy and Basic Architecture Kumiko Ishino, Katuo Sugai and Riichiro Mizoguchi . . . . . . 71
xvI
A Unified Approach to Handling Uncertainty During Cooperative Consultations Bhavani Raskutti and Ingrid Zukerman . . . . . . . . . . . .
Knowledge Representation I
85
Declarative Program Theory with Implicit Implication Vilas Wuwongse and Ekawit Nantajeewarawat . . . . . . . . .
Knowledge Decomposition: An Analysis John Debenham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Concept Classification of a Terminology Extended by Conjunction and Disjunction Gerd Stumme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Extending Partial Orders for Sort Reasoning Andrew Fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reasoning About Change
97
109
121
132
An Update Procedure for A Probabilistic Deductive Database Angelo C. Restificar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Framework for Reasoning About Requirements Evolution Didar Zowghi, Aditya K. Ghose and Pavlos Peppas . . . . . .
An Application of Hierarchical Knowledge Integration in Hand-Written Form Processing Fon-Lin Lai, Joo-Hwee Lim, Liya Ding, An-Hwee Tan and
Ho-Chung Lui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
144
157
169
XVll
Neural Nets And Uncertainty I
AMI: A Model of Intelligence D. B. Hoang and M. R. James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 81
Symbol Processing by Non-Symbol Processor Setsuo Ohsuga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Fall Diagnosis Using Dynamic Belief Networks A. E. Nicholson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Natural Language
Remembrance of Discourse Based on Textual Continuity: A Spreading Activation Network Samuel W. K. Chan and James Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Lexical Access Using Minimum Message Length Encoding Ian Thomas, Ingrid Zukerman, Jonathan Oliver and
Bhavani Raskutti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Using Neural Nets to Investigate Lexical Analysis Malti Patel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Constraint Satisfaction And Optimization
Validity of Normality Assumption in CSP Research Alvin C. M. Kwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
An Improved Generic Arc Consistency Algorithm and Its Specializations Bing Liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
High-Level Synthesis Optimisation with Genetic Algorithms Jem Daalder, Peter W. Eklund and Kenji Ohmori . . . . . . . 276
Qualitative Reasoning
XVIII
A Qualitative Reasoning Based on an Ontology of Fluid Systems and Its Evaluation Yoshinobu Kitamura, Mitsuru Ikeda and Riichiro Mizoguchi . .
Parallel Cost-Based Abductive Reasoning for Distributed Memory Systems Shohei Kato, Hirohisa Seki and Hidenori Itoh . . . . . . . . .
A History-Oriented Envisioning Method Takashi Washio and Hiroshi Motoda . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machine Learning II
288
300
312
Team Learning of Recursive Languages Sanjay Jain and Arun Sharma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Combining Views on Concepts in Unsupervised Concept Learning TuBao Ho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
324
336
The Complexity of Batch Approaches to Reduced Error Rule Set Induction Mike Cameron-Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Learning Simple Recursive Concepts by Discovering Missing Examples Chowdhury Rahman Mofizur and Masayuki Numao . . . . . .
Automated Reasoning
360
On Semantic Resolution with Lemmaizing and Contraction Maria Paola Bonacina and Jieh Hsiang . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tableaux for Expansion and Contraction Roderic A. Girle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
372
387
•215
Translating Machine-Generated Resolution Proofs into ND-Proofs at the Assertion Level Xiaorong Huang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evidential Temporal Representations and Reasoning Bingning Dai, David A. Bell and John G. Hughes . . . . . . .
Neural Nets And Uncertainty II
399
411
Using Artificial Neural Networks for Meteor-Burst Communications Trail Prediction Stuart Melville, Geoff Sutcliffe and David Fraser . . . . . . . 423
Modeling Commonsense Rules in an Inference Network Boon Toh Low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Adaptive SEJONG-NET for On-Line Hangul Recognition Hyeyoung Park, Kwanyong Lee, Hyeran Byun and ]qllbyung Lee 447
A Unified Algebraic Structure for Uncertain Reasonings Xudong Luo and Chengqi Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Knowledge Representation II
Exten: A System for Computing Default Logic Extensions Allen P. Courtney, Grigoris Antoniou and Norman Y. Foo . . . 471
A Logic for Concurrent Events and Action Failure David Morley and L& Sonenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Domain World Models Represented from Variable Viewpoints for ICAI Systems of High-School Chemistry Tatsuhiro Konishi and Yukihiro Itoh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Creating Theoretical Terms for Non-deterministic Actions Rex Bing Hung Kwok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
XX
Nonmonotonic Reasoning
Conservative Expansion Concepts for Default Theories Grigoris Antoniou, Craig K. MacNish and Norman Y. Foo . . . 522
On Formation of Exception Hierarchy Kouzou Ohara, Noboru Babaguchi and Tadahiro Kitahashi . . 534
Anytime Default Inference Aditya K. Ghose and Randy Goebel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Studying Properties of Classes of Default Logics - Preliminary Report Grigoris Antoniou, Tyrone O'Nei l l and Joe Thurbon . . . . . . 558
Intelligent Agents
Learning Cooperative Behavior in Multi-agent Environment - A Case Study of Choice of Play-Plans in Soccer Itsuki Noda, Hitoshi Matsubara and Kazuo Hiraki . . . . . . .
CIFI: An Intelligent Agent for Citation Finding on the World-Wide Web Seng W. Loke, Andrew Davison and Leon Sterling . . . . . . .
Automatic Making of Sokoban Problems Yoshio Murase, Hitoshi Matsubara and Yuzuru Hiraga . . . .
Planning
570
580
592
Bringing About Rationality: Incorporating Plans Into a BDI Agent Architecture Lawrence Cavedon and Anand Rao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
An Architecture for Autonomous Flying Vehicles: A Preliminary Report Lain-Fan Lee and Alex Kean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
XXI
Pattern Recognition
Face Recognition Through Hough Transform for Irises Extraction and Projection Procedures for Parts Localization - for Facial Caricaturing System PICASSO Yoshiaki Segawa, Hiroshi Sakai, Toshio Endoh, Kazuhito Murakami, Takashi Toriu and Hiroyasu Koshimizu . . . . . . 625
Extraction of Face Region and Features Based on Chromatic Properties of Human Faces Tae-Woong Yoo and II-Seok Oh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
A Fast Pattern-Matching Algorithm Using Matching Candidates for Production Systems Mitsunori Matsushita, Motohide Umano, Itsuo Hatono and Hiroyuki Tamura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Index 657