lecture notes critical thinking part 2 of 3
DESCRIPTION
Part 2 of 3 PowerPoint Lecture Notes on Critical Thinking (Dr. Matthew Stafford)for the NMP at Air University, Air Command and Staff CollegeTRANSCRIPT
We Produce the Future
Dr Matthew StaffordChief Academic Officer
Squadron Officer College
Critical Thinking… something to think about …
SECTION II
We Produce the Future
Section II
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
3The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
Thinking About Thinking
• Cognition: ‒The mental process regarding how humans
come to understand things‒How humans select, process and retain
information and knowledge
• Meta-cognition‒Thinking about the cognitive process‒Self-regulation to match personal
perceptions against others’
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
4The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
Cognitive Levels
Level Definition
KnowledgeRecall previously learned material (facts, theories, etc.) in essentiallythe same form as taught.
ComprehensionSee relationships, concepts, and abstractions beyond the simpleremembering of material. Typically involves translating, interpreting,and estimating future trends.
ApplicationUse learned intellectual material in new and realistic situations,including the application of rules, methods, concepts, principles, laws,and theories.
Analysis
Break down material into its component parts so that the organizationalstructure may be understood, including the identification of the parts,analysis of the relationships between parts, and recognition of theorganizational principles involved.
Synthesis
Put parts together to form new patterns or structures, such as a uniquecommunication (a theme or speech), a plan of operations (a researchproposal), or a set of abstract relations (schemes for classifyinginformation).
Evaluation
Judge the value of material for a given purpose. Learning in this area isthe highest in the cognitive hierarchy because it involves elements ofall the other categories, plus conscious value judgments based onclearly defined criteria.
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
5The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
Cognitive Levels
Level Definition
KnowledgeRecall previously learned material (facts, theories, etc.) in essentiallythe same form as taught.
ComprehensionSee relationships, concepts, and abstractions beyond the simpleremembering of material. Typically involves translating, interpreting,and estimating future trends.
ApplicationUse learned intellectual material in new and realistic situations,including the application of rules, methods, concepts, principles, laws,and theories.
Analysis
Break down material into its component parts so that the organizationalstructure may be understood, including the identification of the parts,analysis of the relationships between parts, and recognition of theorganizational principles involved.
Synthesis
Put parts together to form new patterns or structures, such as a uniquecommunication (a theme or speech), a plan of operations (a researchproposal), or a set of abstract relations (schemes for classifyinginformation).
Evaluation
Judge the value of material for a given purpose. Learning in this area isthe highest in the cognitive hierarchy because it involves elements ofall the other categories, plus conscious value judgments based onclearly defined criteria.
Seeking to retain information
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
6The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
Cognitive Levels
Level Definition
KnowledgeRecall previously learned material (facts, theories, etc.) in essentiallythe same form as taught.
ComprehensionSee relationships, concepts, and abstractions beyond the simpleremembering of material. Typically involves translating, interpreting,and estimating future trends.
ApplicationUse learned intellectual material in new and realistic situations,including the application of rules, methods, concepts, principles, laws,and theories.
Analysis
Break down material into its component parts so that the organizationalstructure may be understood, including the identification of the parts,analysis of the relationships between parts, and recognition of theorganizational principles involved.
Synthesis
Put parts together to form new patterns or structures, such as a uniquecommunication (a theme or speech), a plan of operations (a researchproposal), or a set of abstract relations (schemes for classifyinginformation).
Evaluation
Judge the value of material for a given purpose. Learning in this area isthe highest in the cognitive hierarchy because it involves elements ofall the other categories, plus conscious value judgments based onclearly defined criteria.
Seeking to retain information
Reconstructing information in individual terms
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
7The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
Cognitive Levels
Level Definition
KnowledgeRecall previously learned material (facts, theories, etc.) in essentiallythe same form as taught.
ComprehensionSee relationships, concepts, and abstractions beyond the simpleremembering of material. Typically involves translating, interpreting,and estimating future trends.
ApplicationUse learned intellectual material in new and realistic situations,including the application of rules, methods, concepts, principles, laws,and theories.
Analysis
Break down material into its component parts so that the organizationalstructure may be understood, including the identification of the parts,analysis of the relationships between parts, and recognition of theorganizational principles involved.
Synthesis
Put parts together to form new patterns or structures, such as a uniquecommunication (a theme or speech), a plan of operations (a researchproposal), or a set of abstract relations (schemes for classifyinginformation).
Evaluation
Judge the value of material for a given purpose. Learning in this area isthe highest in the cognitive hierarchy because it involves elements ofall the other categories, plus conscious value judgments based onclearly defined criteria.
Seeking to retain information
Reconstructing information in individual terms
Transferring information and using it in new ways
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
8The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
Cognitive Levels
Level Definition
KnowledgeRecall previously learned material (facts, theories, etc.) in essentiallythe same form as taught.
ComprehensionSee relationships, concepts, and abstractions beyond the simpleremembering of material. Typically involves translating, interpreting,and estimating future trends.
ApplicationUse learned intellectual material in new and realistic situations,including the application of rules, methods, concepts, principles, laws,and theories.
Analysis
Break down material into its component parts so that the organizationalstructure may be understood, including the identification of the parts,analysis of the relationships between parts, and recognition of theorganizational principles involved.
Synthesis
Put parts together to form new patterns or structures, such as a uniquecommunication (a theme or speech), a plan of operations (a researchproposal), or a set of abstract relations (schemes for classifyinginformation).
Evaluation
Judge the value of material for a given purpose. Learning in this area isthe highest in the cognitive hierarchy because it involves elements ofall the other categories, plus conscious value judgments based onclearly defined criteria.
Seeking to retain information
Reconstructing information in individual terms
Transferring information and using it in new ways
Breaking complex information into subcomponents
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
9The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
Cognitive Levels
Level Definition
KnowledgeRecall previously learned material (facts, theories, etc.) in essentiallythe same form as taught.
ComprehensionSee relationships, concepts, and abstractions beyond the simpleremembering of material. Typically involves translating, interpreting,and estimating future trends.
ApplicationUse learned intellectual material in new and realistic situations,including the application of rules, methods, concepts, principles, laws,and theories.
Analysis
Break down material into its component parts so that the organizationalstructure may be understood, including the identification of the parts,analysis of the relationships between parts, and recognition of theorganizational principles involved.
Synthesis
Put parts together to form new patterns or structures, such as a uniquecommunication (a theme or speech), a plan of operations (a researchproposal), or a set of abstract relations (schemes for classifyinginformation).
Evaluation
Judge the value of material for a given purpose. Learning in this area isthe highest in the cognitive hierarchy because it involves elements ofall the other categories, plus conscious value judgments based onclearly defined criteria.
Seeking to retain information
Reconstructing information in individual terms
Transferring information and using it in new ways
Breaking complex information into subcomponents
Taking discrete pieces of knowledge and producing a new whole
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
10The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
Cognitive Levels
Level Definition
KnowledgeRecall previously learned material (facts, theories, etc.) in essentiallythe same form as taught.
ComprehensionSee relationships, concepts, and abstractions beyond the simpleremembering of material. Typically involves translating, interpreting,and estimating future trends.
ApplicationUse learned intellectual material in new and realistic situations,including the application of rules, methods, concepts, principles, laws,and theories.
Analysis
Break down material into its component parts so that the organizationalstructure may be understood, including the identification of the parts,analysis of the relationships between parts, and recognition of theorganizational principles involved.
Synthesis
Put parts together to form new patterns or structures, such as a uniquecommunication (a theme or speech), a plan of operations (a researchproposal), or a set of abstract relations (schemes for classifyinginformation).
Evaluation
Judge the value of material for a given purpose. Learning in this area isthe highest in the cognitive hierarchy because it involves elements ofall the other categories, plus conscious value judgments based onclearly defined criteria.
Seeking to retain information
Reconstructing information in individual terms
Transferring information and using it in new ways
Breaking complex information into subcomponents
Taking discrete pieces of knowledge and producing a new whole
Thinking of different ways to synthesize information and making a judgment about which method is better
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
11The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
Why “Think about Thinking?”
• Improve thinking efficiency
• Improve thinking effectiveness
• Dedicate more effort to practice
Many different approaches!
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
12The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
AFSO-21 8-Step Model
1. Clarify problem
2. Break problem into component parts; identify gaps
3. Set target(s)
4. Analyze/determine root cause(s)
5. Develop countermeasures
6. See countermeasures through
7. Evaluate/confirm results and process
8. Standardize successful processes
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
13The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
6-Step Problem-Solving Model
1. Define the problem
2. Gather information
3. List possible solutions
4. Test solutions
5. Select best course of action
6. Implement solution
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
14The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
John Boyd’s OODA Loop
Observe
Decide
OrientAct
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
15The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace
Comparing…
CCA OODA 6-Step 8-Step
Discover and interpret facts Observe
Define problem Clarify problem
Gather informationBreak problem into component parts;
identify gaps
Trace effects back to causes Orient
List possible solutions Set target(s)
Test solutions Analyze/determine root cause(s)
Investigate and evaluate – consider
alternatives. Look for better courses of action.
Decide Select best course of action
Develop countermeasures
Act Implement solution
See countermeasures through
Evaluate/confirm results and process
Standardize successful processes
We Produce the Future
PLEASE VIEW
Section IIINEXT
Develop America's Airmen Today ... for Tomorrow
17The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
Fly – Fight – Win in Air, Space, and Cyberspace 17
The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force
We Produce the Future…
One Student at a Time
One Faculty Member at a Time
One Idea at a Time