lecture monday 3rd dec 2012 - york university lecture 3rd dec 2012.pdf · and what are fronts?...
TRANSCRIPT
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NATS 1750 Lecture
Monday 3rd December 2012
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Weather Patterns and Severe Storms
Storms are caused by clashing ‘Air Masses’ – called Fronts
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So what are Air masses ?
Characteristics • Large body of air
• 2,000 kilometers or more across • Perhaps several kilometers thick
• Similar temperature at any given altitude • Similar moisture at any given altitude • Move and affect a large portion of a
continent
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Air masses
Classification of an air mass• Four basic types of air masses
• Continental polar (cP) • Continental tropical (cT)• Maritime polar (mP)• Maritime tropical (mT)
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Air masses are classified on the
basis of their source region
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And what are Fronts?Fronts occur when different air masses meet
Types of fronts• Warm front
• Warm air moves and replaces cooler air in front• Shown on a map by a line with semicircles• Clouds become lower as the front nears• Slow rate of advance – moderate lifting• Light-to-moderate precipitation
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The Warm Front
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• The Cold Front – more interesting for Canadians – in both summer and winter
• Cold air moves to replace warmer air in front• Shown on a map by a line with triangles• Advances faster than a warm front• Associated weather is more violent than a
warm front • Intensity of precipitation is greater• Duration of precipitation is shorter
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The Cold Front
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So how do we predict Fronts and Weather ?
Well not very well !
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Stages in the life cycle of a
middle-latitude cyclone
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Cloud patterns typically
associated with a mature
middle-latitude cyclone
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Middle-latitude cyclone
Idealized weather• Middle-latitude cyclones move eastward
across Canada• First signs of their approach are in the western
sky – the Alberta Clipper• Requires two to four days to move across the
continent
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Severe weather types
Hurricanes • Most violent cyclone storms on Earth• To be called a hurricane
• Wind speed in excess of 119 kilometers per hour is the standard
• Profile • Form between the latitudes of 5 degrees
and 20 degrees where the water temperature exceeds 26 C.
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Hurricane Sandy October 27th 2012
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Other severe weather types
Tornadoes • Local storms of short duration • Features
• Violent local windstorms• Rotating column of air that extends down from
a cumulonimbus cloud• Low pressures inside causes the air to rush
into the tornado• Winds approach 480 km per hour
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Severe weather types
Tornadoes • Tornado forecasting
• Difficult to forecast because of their small size• Tornado watch
• To alert the public to the possibility of tornadoes
• Issued when the conditions are favorable• Covers 65,000 square km (25,000 square miles)
• Tornado warning is issued when a tornado is sighted or is indicated by weather radar
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Severe weather types
Tornadoes • Occurrence and development
• Average of 770 each year in the United States but only about 20 each year in Canada – mostly in southern Ontario
• Most frequent from April through June• Associated with severe thunderstorms• Exact cause of tornadoes formation is not
known• Conditions for the formation of tornadoes
• Occur most often along a cold front• During the spring and early summer months
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Severe weather types
Tornadoes • Characteristics
• Diameter between 150 and 600 meters• Speed across landscape is about 45 kilometers
per hour• Cut about a 10 km long path• Most move toward the northeast• Maximum winds range beyond 500 kilometers
per hour• Intensity measured by the Fujita intensity scale
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Average annual tornado incidence for a 27-year period