lecture - culture
TRANSCRIPT
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Culture
Instructor: Payton Andrews
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“The last thing a fish would ever notice would be water.”
Ralph Linton, Anthropologist
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What is Culture?
• Culture – the values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that form a people’s way of life.
• Society – People who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.
• Nonmaterial culture – ideas created by members of a society.
• Material culture – tangible things created by members of a society.
• Only humans rely on culture rather than instinct to ensure survival.
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“Culture becomes the lens through which we perceive
and evaluate what is going on around us.”
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Structural Functionalist Perspective on Culture
• Explains culture as a complex strategy for meeting human needs
• Integrates people into groups
• Provides coherence and stability in society
• Creates norms and values to socialize people in society
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Social Conflict Perspective of Culture
• Link between culture and inequality
• Serves the interest of powerful groups (dominant elites)
• Can be a source of political resistance
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Symbolic Interaction Perspective on Culture
• Creates group identity from diverse cultural meaning systems
• Changes as people produce new cultural meaning systems
• Is socially constructed through the activities of social groups
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The Components of Culture
• Although cultures vary, they all have five common components:
(1) Symbols
(2) Language
(3) Values
(4) Beliefs
(5) Norms
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Components of Culture:Symbols
• Symbols – anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share culture
• Not understanding the symbols of a culture leaves a person feeling lost and isolated
• Symbolic meaning may also vary within a single society
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Components of Culture:Language
• Language – a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.
• Language allows for the continuity of culture.
• Cultural transmission – the process by which one generation passes culture to the next.
• Every society transmits culture through speech.
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Components of Culture:Values and Beliefs
• Values – culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
• Beliefs – shared ideas that people hold to be true (stem from religion, myth, folklore, personal experience, or science).
• Values are abstract standards. • Beliefs are particular ideas that individuals
consider true or false.
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Theoretical Perspectives on Beliefs
• Structural Functionalist – beliefs are a functional component of society, integrate people into social groups
• Social conflict – beliefs present potentially competing world views with dominant elites imposing their beliefs onto others
• Symbolic Interaction – beliefs are constructed and maintained through the social interaction people have with each other
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Components of Culture: Norms• Norms – rules and expectations by which a
society guides the behavior of its members
• William Graham Sumner (1840-1910)
– Mores – norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance often upheld through rules and laws
– Folkways – norms for routine, casual interaction, ordinary customs (lighter sanctions)• Social Sanctions: consequences of
following or violating norms.
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Norms - Folkway or More? sidewalk etiquette, driving laws
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Ethnomethodology• Technique for studying human
interaction.
• By disrupting social norms we can discover the true social order and norms become apparent.
• Culture is enforced by the social sanctions applied to those who violate the norms.
• Society exists “as if” there were no other way to do so.
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Cultural Diversity• Cultural diversity can involve social
class.• Many cultural patterns are readily
accessible to only some members of a society.
• High/Elite culture – cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite.
• Popular culture – cultural patterns that are widespread.– Industrialization – greater cultural
divisions between people
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Subculture• Subculture – cultural patterns that
set apart some segment of society’s population.
• Values that differ in some way.
• Almost everyone participates in many subcultures without having much commitment to any of them.
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Counter-culture• Counter-culture – cultural patterns that
strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society.
• In many cultures, counterculture is linked with youth.
• Outright rejection of various conventional ideas
• Non-conformity to the dominant culture– Hippies
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Ethnocentrism & Cultural Relativism
• Ethnocentrism
• the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.
• A particular culture as the basis for everyone’s reality
• Cultural Relativism• the practice of
evaluating a culture by its own standards.
• It requires critical distance and understanding unfamiliar values and norms in their social context.
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Sources of Cultural Change
1. Change in societal conditions.
2. Innovation.
3. Imposition by an outside agency (an invasion or political revolution).
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Cultural Change• Cultural lag – refers to the delay in cultural
adjustments to changing social conditions.
• Cultural shock – personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.
• Global culture – the diffusion of a single culture throughout the world.
• Cultural Universals – traits that are part of every known culture– Family, Religion, Funeral rites, Jokes, Art,
Economics, Social organization, Socialization, roles/status