lecture 90. malta case study
TRANSCRIPT
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CASE STUDY
Sustainability in Malta
Economy
Community Ecology
Sustainable
Development
Stephen MorseCES room 19AZ04
Tel (01483) 686079
Email: [email protected]
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Week Date Topic Lecturer
1 8/2 Introduction and Meaning of Sustainability SM
2 15/2 Material Flows SM
3 22/2 Maximum Sustainable Yield SM4 29/2 Ecological Footprint SM
5 7/3 Energy systems and sustainability MP
6 14/3 Economics and sustainability SM
7 21/3 Assessing sustainability SM
8 28/3 Case study: The University of Surrey JD
EASTER BREAK 9 2/5 Case study: Sustainability in Malta SM
10 9/5 Test
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Lecture will:
Employ a ‘country’ case study (island state of Malta) to
illustrate various elements and issues often discussed in
sustainability.
Provides a different context to the institutional case study of
week 8
Will draw together material covered in the other lectures
Illustrate the inter-connectedness of material covered in the
lectures
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Malta’s location – note the centrality in the Mediterranean
Mount Etna,
Sicily, eruption
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Satellite photo – grey areas are urban
3 main islands – Malta,
Gozo, Comino
Total area of just 321
square kilometres (=124
square miles)
Hot/dry summers (mean
35oC) and mild rainy
winters .
Land use
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Land use
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Malta joined the European Union on May 1st
2004 and the ‘Eurozone’ on January 1st 2008
Eurozone (December 2010)
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Source: World Bank
GDP
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Distribution of GDP (%)
Agriculture relatively unimportant ineconomic terms (now < 3% of GDP)
BUT Malta only produces some 20%
of its food needs.
Uncultivated fields of poppy and marigold (Mgarr)
% of GDP % of GDP1972 1973 2002 2003 Trend
Agriculture and fishing 7.42 7.26 2.53 2.46 --
Construction and quarrying 4.93 4.44 3.39 3.32 -
Manufacturing ( including ship bui lding and repair) 24.58 26.48 22.84 22.9 -
Transport and communication 3.34 3.34 6.9 5.97 +
Wholesale and retail trade 15.77 15.36 10.8 11.14 -
Insurance, banking and real estate 4.15 3.7 ˜ 9.24 10.34 ++Government enterprise 4.36 3.56 6.5 5.89 +
Public administration 16.01 15.8 16.32 16.79 +
Military services 6.25 6.12 0 0 --
Property income 7.23 7.39 9.46 8.51 +
Private services 5.97 6.54 12.04 12.66 ++
Total 100 100 100 100
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‘Green’ alternatives to GDP
Environmentally Adjusted EDP and GPI values are not
available for Malta
INDEED
“Luxembourg and Malta do not compile Environmental
Accounts at all .”
68th MEETING OF THE EU STATISTICAL PROGRAMME COMMITTEE,
LUXEMBOURG, 13/11/2008
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Happy Planet Index (HPI; 2006)
Friends of the Earth and the
New Economics Foundation
HPI is a function of Ecological
Footprint (as a measure of
consumption), Life Expectancy
and ‘Life Satisfaction’ (as
benefits).
HPI is thus a measure of
cost:benefit
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Population density (2005); number of people/km2)
Population – steady increase and concentration of population in main urban area
(Valetta etc.)
Population
Seasonal variation due to tourism
Also – issues of an aging population
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Problems related to
sewerage release
Population growth and
urbanisation lead to problems
with handling waste.
Waste
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Land fill on the smaller
island of Gozo (L Cassar )
Waste
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Fish catch landed in Malta
Harbour (Marsaxlokk)
Catch/unit effort
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Atlantic Bluefin tuna
Fish catch landed in Malta
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And these changes do matter
Greenpeace International - Spanish fishing vessel in Malta
Attempts to ban the international
trade in Bluefin tuna fishing have so
far failed
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Maltese 25-mile Fisheries Management Zone
established in 2002 – first of its kind in the
Mediterranean
Seeks to control effort:
- Strict licensing scheme (effort not increased)
- Limitations on sizes of vessels allowed
- Supported by an electronic ‘Vessel Monitoring System’
Source ‘ Establishing the 25-mile
Fisheries Conservation Zone around the
Maltese Islands’ by Matthew Camilleri
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Islands are comprised of
different types of limestone
Geology
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Generates the landscape we see
Azzure window (Gozo)Sheer cliffs (Gozo)
Solution caverns (upper
coralline limestone)
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Wildlife
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Islands also lie on a major bird
migration route (Africa – Europe)
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Water supply
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Mellieha heights and parish church
And buildings
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Construction
Limestone quarry, Gozo (L Cassar)
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Dismantling of rubble walls: Gozo (L. Cassar)
Construction
Use of recycled materials
can also be an issue
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Energy supply
Energy generation is almost entirely by burning oil – all imported
Delimara power station
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CO2 emissions related to economic activity
(chained GDP adjusted for PPP)
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“Wind, solar and biomass waste are feasible
sources of renewable energy for Malta. Other
types – hydropower, biomass (energy crops),
wave, tidal, and geothermal – are not
considered to be feasible for exploitation at
least in the short term for various reasons,including absence or low level of r esource
intensity and/or state of development of the
technology .” (page 10)
BUT - of these, wind energy is regarded as
the “most attractive ” option (not solar!!).
www.doi.gov.mt/EN/archive/prebudget2007/Renewable%20Energy.pdf
Recommends a substantial reduction in
carbon dioxide emissions by 2050.
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Source: Malta Environment and Planning Authority
(www.mepa.org.mt/home)
Narrow streets, high traffic density and
inversion layers can cause problems with air
quality – pressure state indicators
Victoria traffic, Gozo
NO2
Benzene
Air quality
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National Commission for Sustainable
Development (NCSD)
'Jekk tiehu minghajr ma trodd anki s-swar thotf',
“This ancient Maltese proverb warns that unless the exploitation
of resources is backed by replenishment, even the most durableand abundant resource will be squandered to the point of
destruction”.
Dr. Lawrence GonziDeputy Prime Minister and Minister of Social Policy of Malta at
the World Summit on Sustainable Development
Johannesburg, South Africa, 3 September 2002
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www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/64812/SD_Strategy_2006.pdf
Priorities are as follows (perhaps not surprising given the issues covered in
the lecture):
Ai r quali ty and cl imate change Energy-eff iciency and r enewable energy resources
Biodiversity
F reshwater
Wastes
Marine and coastal environment
Land use Transport
Natural and technological risks
Leisure and the environment
NCSD has prepared a national strategy for
sustainable development (2007 – 2016).
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“The effective monitoring of sustainable development strategies requires
the compilation of appropr iate indicators . Although sustainability
indicators have been compiled for Malta, there are still a number of issues
that need to be addressed, in particular regarding the institutional set-up.
At present, there is no state-funded body entrusted to develop sustainabilityindicators. The work carried out so far was funded from outside sources
and carried out by a University Institute.
There is therefore the need to place the compilation of sustainability
indicators on a more secure footing, with ongoing financial support , so that
it can service the Government and stakeholders who wish to utilise suchindicators.”
(page 65 of report)
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Conclusions
Malta provides in some ways an ‘extreme’ example of the challenges
involved in making sustainability a reality
Many conflicting tensions and pressures at play (Strong vs Weak
sustainability )
Examples illustrates how the various components discussed in the lectures
(MSY, EF, economic growth, energy etc.) come together when sustainability is
considered. Each cannot be considered in isolation.
Note how this is also manifested in terms of institutions and indicators
Also note how many of these issues interface with the interests of engineers
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The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)
believes that civil engineers are:
1. dramatically reduce the environmental impact of our life and work2. dramatically improve the environmental quali ty of what we create
3. maximise the utilisation of materials and their reuse
4. maximise appropriate use of secondary and recyled materials
5. minimise waste in design, construction and use
6. minimise energy and water use
7. minimise pol lution from all our activities8. focus on increasing peoples' quali ty of li fe through good urban design
9. ensuring respect for people - showing care towards the workforce and the
surrounding community
" at the heart of society, deliver ingsustainable development through knowledge,
ski l ls and professional expertise."