Epstein’s framework Six types of parent/community involvementi. Parenting

Help all families establish home environments to supportchildren as students.

ii. CommunicatingDesign effective forms of school – to home and home-to schoolcommunications about school programs and children’s progress.

iii. VolunteeringRecruit and organize parent help and support.

iv. Learning at homeProvide information and ideas to families about how to helpstudents at home with homework and other curriculum-related activities, decisions and planning.

v. Decision makingInclude parents in school decisions developing parent leadersand representatives.

vi. Collaborating with communityIdentify and integrate resources and service from the communityto strengthen school programs, family practices, and studentlearning and development.

Swap, Susan McAllister, 1993Developing home-school partnerships: From concepts to practicei. The protective model

Parents delegate to the school the responsibility for educatingtheir children, parents hold staff accountable for the results,and educators accept this responsibility.

ii. The school-to-home transmission modelIf children’s achievement is improve when home and schoolshare common expectations and values, then the schoolshould identify the values and practices that contribute tosuccess, and parents should provide these conditions athome.

iii. The curriculum enrichment modelParents and educators work together to enrich the curriculumand to take advantage at parents’ expertise.

iv. The partnership modelParents and educators work together to accomplish the commonmission of helping all children in the school to achieve success.It requires collaboration among parents, community membersand educators. It emphasizes two-way communication, parentsstrength and joint problem-solving.

v. The four elements of partnerships: Creating two-way communicationEnhancing learning at home and at school providing mutualsupport/making joint decisions.

Why make education a family affair?

30 years of research show thati. The following 3 factors over which parents exercise authority,

explain nearly 90% of the difference in eighth-grade mathematicstest scores across 37 states and district of Columbia on theNational Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)-student absenteeism-variety of reading materials in the home-excessive tv watching

ii. Studies of individual families show that what the family doesis more important than family income or educationFamily – structure (can not change) process (change)

iii. The single most important activity for building the knowledge required for eventual success in reading is readingaloud to children.

iv. International comparison show that the high academic successof students from Asian countries, which many attributes to thepriority their family give to education.

Theory regarding family-community realationshipv. Separate influencevi. Sequenced-responsibilities model (Family nurture children;

school educate them)iii. Overlapping influence

Parent involvement in governance and advocacy

i. Governance(a) Involve parents in student goal setting at regular parent-teacher conferences.(b) Involve parents and community in developing the school’smission and goals.(c) Keep parents informed of leadership opportunities onschool committees and in the community.(d) Form a parent council with advisory committees to supporteach academic area (exp: biro).(e) Providing training for parent leaders in collaboration andproblem-solving skills.

(f) Involve the parent council in reviewing monitoring procedures,reporting of student progress, and conducting curriculum reviews.(g) Involve the parent council in planning ways to extend learning opportunities.(h) Involve parent council representatives on any site-based management teams and on all school committees.ii. Advocacy(a) Parents provide input to policies that affect education(b) Parents feel in control of their child’s learning environment.(c) Parents and children’s right are protected(d) Benefits for children and parents are linked to educational

policies.(e) Educators give equal status to interaction with parents to

improve educational programs.(f) Educators become aware of parent perspective for school policy development.

Concrete actions For promoting parent/community involvement(i) Make learning relevant to children(ii) Emphasize early childhood education(iii) Recognize the disconnection(iv) Train teachers to work with parents.(v) Reduce distrust and cultural barriers (vi) Address language barriers(vii) Evaluate parents’ needs(viii) Expands opportunities for conduct(ix) Use technology to link parents to the classroom.(x) Make going to see the teacher easier(xi) Establish a home-school coordinator(xii) Encourage family learning(xiii) Give parents a voice in school decisions

Family-friendly business(i) Allowing time for employees to get involved with schools(ii) By providing ‘flexi time’(iii) Lunchtime flex(iv) Part-time jobs and jobs sharing(v) Providing flexible policies, eg allocate parents certain hours/days

off to participate in school activities.(vi) Job-site as a forum for parental support and education (seminars

on parenting at lunch time, library with books/videos onparenting).

(vii) Child care on – or near – site centers(viii) Business forming partnership by donating money, equipment

or special expertise

Authoritarians

Parents tell children not to argue with question adults, punishchildren for poor grades, and respond to good grades with instructions to do even better.

AlternativesParent tell children to look at both sides of an issues and admit thatkids sometimes know more, they talk about family politics and encourage all family members to participate in decisions, theyrespond to good grades with praise, to bad grades with somerestriction and offers help and encouragement

Latar belakang PIBGoNoran Fauziah Yaakub & Ahmad Mahdzan Ayub (1990) – PIBG ditubuhkan pd thn 1973. Ketika itu Datuk (Tun) Hussein Onn menjadi Menteri Pelajaran.

oArahan (P.U (a) 146/1973, PIBG mestilah didaftarkan melalui JPN setiap negeri & Pendaftar ialah Pengarah Pelajaran Negeri.

Persatuan Ibu Bapa & Guru (PIBG)

1. Penubuhan & Keanggotaan PersatuanSetiap sek bantuan penuh/institusi pendidikan hendaklahmenubuhkan PIBG (PU(A) 146 Kaedah-kaedah PIBG 1973).

Persatuan hendaklah mengandungi:• Semua guru yg bkj di dlmnya• Semua ibu bapa atau waris murid yg belajar di sek atau

institusi pendidikan itu.• Pengetua atau guru besar sek atau institusi pendidikan• Ahli-ahli masyarakat yg berminat (Akta Pendidikan 1996)

Peranan Jwtankuasa PIBG

Menurut Omardin Ashaari (1998), PIBG mempyi 4 peranan:1. Merancang, mengatur & mengelolakan segala kegiatan yg bersabit dgn pengurusan persatuan scr cergas bg tempoh

sepanjang thn.

2. Membuat keputusan atas perkara-perkara yg menyentuh perjlnan persatuan agar tidak terkeluar dr dasar umum yg telah ditetapkan oleh mesyuarat agung.

3. Mengadakan mesyuarat utk meninjau & menentukan kegiatan perjlnan persatuan berjln lancar sekurang-kurangnya sekali bg tempoh 3 bulan.

4. Yg Dipertua hendaklah dgn sendiri & atas persetujuan tidak kurang drp 3 org ahli jwtankuasa blh meminta utk diadakan mesyuarat pd bila-bila masa.

Kegiatan & SumbanganKegiatan: Pungutan derma & yuran Jamuan Kursus motivasi

Sumbangan: Peralatan spt mesin fotostat, set komputer & peralatan sukan Membaiki kawasan sek Membiayai pembelian majalah & suratkhabar utk perpustakaan sek. Membiayai sebhg kos utk hari penyampaian hadiah & hari sukan sek.

Maksud-maksud PersatuanPersatuan ini bukanlah suatu persatuan dlm erti mana-manaundang-undang berhbg dgn pendaftaran pertubuhan.

Maksud-maksud persatuan adalah spt brt:oUtk mengadakan sesuatu forum & perkhidmatan bg kebajikan & kemajuan murid-murid sek atau institusi tsb.oUtk membantu & menambah usaha sek atau institusi-institusi pendidikan memenuhi kehendak-kehendak & keperluan kebendaan murid-murid dlm kegiatan mrk.oUtk memblhkan ibu bapa & guru-guru di sek atau institusi pendidikan itu bertukar-tukar fikiran & maklumat mengenai pelajaran pd amnya.

o Utk memberi peluang kpd guru-guru & ibu bapa di sek atau institusi pendidikan itu berunding atr satu dgn lain mengenai cr-cr memperbaiki taraf pendidikan anak-anak mrk pd amnya.

Tujuan-tujuan Persatuan1. Utk menentukan spy murid-murid di sek atau institusi pendidikan

itu mendpt faedah maksimum drp kemudahan-kemudahanpendidikan mrk.

2. Utk menentukan spy murid-murid di dlmnya mempyi sumber- sumber yg perlu utk membuat kj-kj sek mrk, baik di rumah mahupun di sek.

3. Utk mewujudkan alam sekeliling yg sebaiknya bg sek utk memblhkan murid-murid mencapai perkembangan rohani, sahsiah & jasmani

Batasan-batasan Persatuan

1. Kegiatan-kegiatan persatuan hendaklah diarahkan semuanyakpd kebajikan & kemajuan murid di sek di mana ianya ditubuhkan.

2. Persatuan tidak blh memperluaskan bidang kuasanya kpd perkara-perkara yg berkaitan dgn pkjn & syarat-syarat perkhidmatan guru-guru & kakitangan lain di sek itu.

3. Persatuan tidak blh menjadi jentera menyelesaikan pertikaian atr persatuan & pengetua atau kakitangan sek di mana ianya ditubuhkan atau JPN atau KPM atau kerajaan negeri atau kerajaan persekutuan.

Ahli Persatuan

oSetiap ibu bapa & guru di sek itu hendaklah disifatkan sebgi ahli persatuan.oKeahlian ibu bapa akan gugur scr automatik sebaik shj anaknya berhenti dr sek.oKeahlian guru juga akan gugur sebaik shj guru berkenaan berhenti kj atau bertukar.

Yuran KeahlianTiada seseorg ibu bapa atau guru dikehendaki membayar apa-apabayaran sebgi seorg ahli persatuan.

Organisasi & Pengurusan

Persatuan hendaklah ditubuhkan oleh pengetua sek atau institusi pendidikan yg berkenaan. Persatuan hendaklah diuruskan oleh suatu jawatankuasa mengikut perlembagaan persatuan. Jawatankuasa hendaklah mengandungi tidak kurang drp 5 & tidak lebih drp 15 org ahli.

Cara-cara menubuhkan PIBG1. Pengetua menjemput semua ibu bapa/waris & guru ke

suatu mesyuarat penubuhan persatuan.

2. Melantik jwtankuasa PIBG spt berikut:Seorg Yg DipertuaSeorg Naib Yg DipertuaSeorg Setiausaha KehormatSeorg Bendahari KehormatBeberapa ahli jwtankuasa yg difikirkan perlu (sebaik-baiknya bilangan ibu bapa & bilangan guru seimbang)

3. Meluluskan Perlembagaan PIBG

Penghantaran Maklumat kpd Pendaftar Sek

Butir-butir penubuhan persatuan brt hendaklah dihantar kpdPendaftar sek:Minit mesyuaratPerlembagaanSenarai Jwtankuasa Borang pendaftaran (spt di Jadual pertama Kaedah 6(1))

Perlembagaan yg dihantar kpd pendaftar hendaklah mengandungiperuntukan mengenai semua perkara spt di Jadual KeduaKaedah-kaedah Persatuan Ibu Bapa – Guru (Pindaan) – PU A 286

Hak Pendaftar utk menghadiri mesyuarat

Pendaftar & wakilnya adalah berhak menghadiri semua mesyuaratpersatuan.

Kuasa PIBG utk memiliki HartaPersatuan mempyi kuasa utk mempyi, mengguna & melupuskanapa-apa harta alih atau harta tak alih yg mana pd pendptnya dikiraakan memudahkan ia menjlnkan kuasa-kuasa & kewajipannyadi bwh kaedah-kaedah ini.

Kumpulan Wang & Audit

Persatuan hendaklah menubuhkan suatu kumpulan wang utk dimasukkan semua derma atau sumbangan drp mana-mana ahli & hendaklah diuruskan oleh persatuan.Persatuan hendaklah menyimpan akaun & rekod-rekod lain berkenaan dgn perjlnannya & menyediakan penyata-penyata kira-kira bg tiap-tiap thn.Akaun persatuan hendaklah diaudit pd setiap thn oleh 2 org yg tidak menjadi ahli jwtankuasa & mrk hendaklah dicalonkan oleh ahli-ahli persatuan.

Mesyuarat JwtankuasaMesyuarat jwtankuasa hendaklah diadakan sekurang-kurangnyasekali dlm 3 bulan.

Mesyuarat Agung ThnanMesyuarat Agung Thnan hendaklah diadakan setiap thn berkenaan

Satu salinan minit mesyuarat dikemukakan ke JPN

Tarikh Mesyuarat Agung ThnanMesyuarat Agung Thnan hendaklah tidak melewati 31 Mei thn berkenaan.

Peranan PengetuaPengetua adalah Penasihat PIBGMengambil bhg cergas dlm perbincangan dlm perancangan semua projek PIBG.Memandu PIBG ke haluan yg betul & sesuai dgn tujuan penubuhan PIBG.Mengelak drp gangguan dlm hal-hal pentadbiran sek.Memberi persetujuan kpd projek PIBGMengetahui semua tindakan PIBGSurat-menyurat PIBG adalah dlm pengetahuan pengetua.Memastikan kewangan PIBG diuruskan dgn baik

Pentadbiran

Pengetua sek bertgjb membekalkan keperluan perkeranian & alat tulis persatuan.

Segala keperluan yg lain menjadi tgjb persatuan

Kuasa-kuasa PendaftarJika Pendaftar berpuas hati sama ada atas sesuatu aduan atau atasyg lain-lain bhw sesuatu persatuan atau ahlinya.Telah bertindak/bercadang bertindak scr tidak berpatutan dgn kaedah penubuhan/perlembagaan persatuan; atau

Telah tidak menunaikan mana-mana kewajipan yg ditanggung ke atas persatuan/ahlinya oleh kaedah ini.

Pendaftar blh: Memberi apa-apa arahan scr bertulis tentang menjlnkan kuasa atau menyempurnakan kewajipan oleh persatuan/ahli yg didptinya mustahak; atau

Menggantung atau membuang semua atau mana-mana pemegang jawatan persatuan & melantik seorg atau beberapa org yg difikirkan patut utk menjlnkan tugas pemegang-pemegang jawatan bg tempoh yg diarahkan oleh Pendaftar.

Tidak Blh BergabungPersatuan yg ditubuhkan di bwh kaedah 3 tidak blh bergabungdgn mana-mana parti politik atau kesatuan pkj atau lain-lainpertubuhan/ persatuan yg didaftarkan/diperbadankan di bwhmana-mana undang-undang bertulis yg berkuasa berhbgdgnnya.

Peraturan-peraturan Pendidikan PIBG 19981. Kuasa Penubuhan : Perenggan 130(2)(f). Akta Pendidikan 1996

2. Tarikh kuatkuasa: 26 Mac 1998

3. TafsiranI. “pemegang-pemegang jwtan”

o Org yg dicalonkan & dipilih dlm mesyuarat agongo Anggota yg dilantik oleh Yg Dipertuao Org yg dilantik oleh PPD/PPB/Pendaftar

ii. PIBG – persatuan yg ditubuhkan di bwh peraturan 4

iii. Sek – Sek kerajaan & sek bantuan

Jadual PertamaPermohonan bg Pendaftaran Persatuan (Subperaturan 7(1))kpd: Pendaftar Sek & Guru d/a Jabatan Pelajaran1. Butir-butir Persatuan

(a) Nama(b) Tempat di mana urusan akan dijlnkan atau mesyuarat- mesyuarat akan diadakan, & alamat pos.(c) Bilangan anggota(d) Thn kewangan Persatuan bermula pd:(e) Nama (termsk apa-apa nama lain), no kad pengenalan, pkjn & alamat pemegang-pemegang jwtan & jwtan yg dipegang.

2. Dua salinan perlembagaan Persatuan diperakui dilampirkan bersama – bertarikh (Tandatangan) (Nama) (Jwtan)

Jadual KeduaPerkara-perkara yg perlu dlm Perlembagaan (Subperenggan 7(2))Perkara-perkara yg brt hendaklah diperutkkan dlm PerlembagaanPersatuan:(a) Nama & pejabat berdaftar atau alamat pos berdaftar Persatuan.(b) Tujuan-tujuan Persatuan(c) Kuasa atau kuasa-kuasa membelanja wang Persatuan(d) Penyimpanan akaun-akaun pendptan & perbelanjaan Persatuan

& penyiaran akaun-akaun itu kpd anggota Persatuan setiap thn.(e) Kuorum yg dikehendaki utk menjlnkan urusan dlm mana-mana mesyuarat Persatuan(f) Mesyuarat agong thnan & mesyuarat agong tergempar &(g) Cara bgmn perlembagaan Persatuan blh dipindaBertarikh (Tandatangan) (Nama) (Jwtan)

Jadual Ketiga

Perakuan Pendaftaran (Subperenggan 7(3))Adalah diperakui bhw PIBG(nama sek)Telah didaftarkan di bwh kuasa PendaftarNo pendaftaran:Didaftarkan pd:TandatanganNamaJawatanCop RasmiTarikh