lecture 7: voronoi diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/l7.pdf · definition of voronoi diagram...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagrams
Presented by Allen Miu
6.838 Computational Geometry
September 27, 2001
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Post Office: What is the area of service?
q
q : free point
e
e : Voronoi edge
v
v : Voronoi vertex
pi
pi : site points
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Definition of Voronoi Diagram
• Let P be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane.
• The Voronoi diagram of P is the subdivision of theplane into n cells, one for each site.
• A point q lies in the cell corresponding to a site pi ∈ PiffEuclidean_Distance( q, pi ) < Euclidean_distance( q, pj ),for each pi ∈ P, j ≠ i.
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Demo
http://www.diku.dk/students/duff/Fortune/http://www.msi.umn.edu/~schaudt/voronoi/
voronoi.html
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Voronoi Diagram Example:1 site
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Two sites form a perpendicularbisector
Voronoi Diagram is a linethat extends infinitely inboth directions, and thetwo half planes on eitherside.
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Collinear sites form a series ofparallel lines
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Non-collinear sites form Voronoihalf lines that meet at a vertex
A Voronoi vertex isthe center of an emptycircle touching 3 ormore sites.
v
Half lines
A vertex hasdegree ≥ 3
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Voronoi Cells and Segments
v
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Voronoi Cells and Segments
v
Unbounded CellBounded Cell
Segment
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Who wants to be a Millionaire?
vWhich of the following is true for2-D Voronoi diagrams?
Four or more non-collinear sites are…1. sufficient to create a bounded cell2. necessary to create a bounded cell3. 1 and 24. none of above
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Who wants to be a Millionaire?
vWhich of the following is true for2-D Voronoi diagrams?
Four or more non-collinear sites are…1. sufficient to create a bounded cell2. necessary to create a bounded cell3. 1 and 24. none of above
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Degenerate Case:no bounded cells!
v
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Summary of Voronoi PropertiesA point q lies on a Voronoi edge between sites pi andpj iff the largest empty circle centered at q touchesonly pi and pj
– A Voronoi edge is a subset of locus of points equidistantfrom pi and pj
e
e : Voronoi edge
v
v : Voronoi vertex
pi
pi : site points
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Summary of Voronoi PropertiesA point q is a vertex iff the largest empty circlecentered at q touches at least 3 sites– A Voronoi vertex is an intersection of 3 more segments,
each equidistant from a pair of sites
e
e : Voronoi edge
v
v : Voronoi vertex
pi
pi : site points
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Outline• Definitions and Examples• Properties of Voronoi diagrams• Complexity of Voronoi diagrams• Constructing Voronoi diagrams
– Intuitions– Data Structures– Algorithm
• Running Time Analysis• Demo• Duality and degenerate cases
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Voronoi diagrams have linearcomplexity {|v|, |e| = O(n)}
Intuition: Not all bisectors are Voronoi edges!
e
e : Voronoi edge
pi
pi : site points
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Voronoi diagrams have linearcomplexity {|v|, |e| = O(n)}
Claim: For n ≥ 3, |v| ≤ 2n − 5 and |e| ≤ 3n − 6
Proof: (Easy Case)
…
Collinear sites � |v| = 0, |e| = n – 1
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Voronoi diagrams have linearcomplexity {|v|, |e| = O(n)}
Claim: For n ≥ 3, |v| ≤ 2n − 5 and |e| ≤ 3n − 6Proof: (General Case)
• Euler’s Formula: for connected, planar graphs,|v| – |e| + f = 2
Where:
|v| is the number of vertices
|e| is the number of edges
f is the number of faces
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Voronoi diagrams have linearcomplexity {|v|, |e| = O(n)}
Claim: For n ≥ 3, |v| ≤ 2n − 5 and |e| ≤ 3n − 6
Proof: (General Case)
• For Voronoi graphs, f = n � (|v| +1) – |e| + n = 2
epi
p∞
To apply Euler’s Formula, we“planarize” the Voronoi diagramby connecting half lines toan extra vertex.
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Voronoi diagrams have linearcomplexity {|v|, |e| = O(n)}
Moreover,
and
so
together with
we get, for n ≥ 3
||2)deg()(
evPVorv
⋅=∑∈
),(PVorv ∈∀ 3)deg( ≥v
)1|(|3||2 +≥⋅ ve
2||)1|(| =+−+ nev
63||52||
−≤−≤
nenv
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Outline• Definitions and Examples• Properties of Voronoi diagrams• Complexity of Voronoi diagrams• Constructing Voronoi diagrams
– Intuitions– Data Structures– Algorithm
• Running Time Analysis• Demo• Duality and degenerate cases
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Constructing Voronoi Diagrams
Given a half plane intersection algorithm…
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Constructing Voronoi Diagrams
Given a half plane intersection algorithm…
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Constructing Voronoi Diagrams
Given a half plane intersection algorithm…
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Constructing Voronoi Diagrams
Given a half plane intersection algorithm…
Repeat for each site
Running Time:O( n2 log n )
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Constructing Voronoi Diagrams
• Half plane intersection O( n2 log n )
• Fortune’s Algorithm– Sweep line algorithm
• Voronoi diagram constructed as horizontal linesweeps the set of sites from top to bottom
• Incremental construction � maintains portion ofdiagram which cannot change due to sites belowsweep line, keeping track of incremental changes foreach site (and Voronoi vertex) it “sweeps”
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Constructing Voronoi DiagramsWhat is the invariant we are looking for?
Maintain a representation of the locus of points q thatare closer to some site pi above the sweep line than to
the line itself (and thus to any site below the line).
ev
pi
Sweep Line
q
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Constructing Voronoi DiagramsWhich points are closer to a site above the sweep
line than to the sweep line itself?
Sweep Line
pi
q
The set of parabolic arcs form a beach-line that boundsthe locus of all such points
Equidistance
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Constructing Voronoi DiagramsBreak points trace out Voronoi edges.
Equidistance
Sweep Line
pi
q
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Constructing Voronoi DiagramsArcs flatten out as sweep line moves down.
Sweep Line
pi
q
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Eventually, the middle arc disappears.Constructing Voronoi Diagrams
Sweep Line
pi
q
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We have detected a circle that is empty (contains nosites) and touches 3 or more sites.
Constructing Voronoi Diagrams
Sweep Line
pi
q
Voronoi vertex!
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Beach Line properties
• Voronoi edges are traced by the breakpoints as the sweep line moves down.– Emergence of a new break point(s) (from
formation of a new arc or a fusion of twoexisting break points) identifies a new edge
• Voronoi vertices are identified when twobreak points meet (fuse).– Decimation of an old arc identifies new vertex
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Data Structures
• Current state of the Voronoi diagram– Doubly linked list of half-edge, vertex, cell records
• Current state of the beach line– Keep track of break points
– Keep track of arcs currently on beach line
• Current state of the sweep line– Priority event queue sorted on decreasing y-coordinate
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Doubly Linked List (D)• Goal: a simple data structure that allows an
algorithm to traverse a Voronoi diagram’ssegments, cells and vertices
ev
Cell(pi)
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Doubly Linked List (D)• Divide segments into uni-directional half-edges
• A chain of counter-clockwise half-edges forms a cell
• Define a half-edge’s “twin” to be its opposite half-edge of thesame segment
ev
Cell(pi)
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Doubly Linked List (D)
• Cell Table– Cell(pi) : pointer to any incident half-edge
• Vertex Table– vi : list of pointers to all incident half-edges
• Doubly Linked-List of half-edges; each has:– Pointer to Cell Table entry– Pointers to start/end vertices of half-edge– Pointers to previous/next half-edges in the CCW chain– Pointer to twin half-edge
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Balanced Binary Tree (T)• Internal nodes represent break points between two arcs
– Also contains a pointer to the D record of the edge being traced
• Leaf nodes represent arcs, each arc is in turn representedby the site that generated it– Also contains a pointer to a potential circle event
pi pj pk pl
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj> < pk, pl>
pi
pjpk
pl
l
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Event Queue (Q)
• An event is an interesting point encountered by thesweep line as it sweeps from top to bottom– Sweep line makes discrete stops, rather than a
continuous sweep
• Consists of Site Events (when the sweep lineencounters a new site point) and Circle Events(when the sweep line encounters the bottom of anempty circle touching 3 or more sites).
• Events are prioritized based on y-coordinate
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Site EventA new arc appears when a new site appears.
l
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Site EventA new arc appears when a new site appears.
l
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Site EventOriginal arc above the new site is broken into two
� Number of arcs on beach line is O(n)
l
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Circle EventAn arc disappears whenever an empty circle touches
three or more sites and is tangent to the sweep line.
Sweep line helps determine that the circle is indeed empty.
Circle Event!Sweep Line
pi
q
Voronoi vertex!
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Event Queue Summary• Site Events are
– given as input– represented by the xy-coordinate of the site point
• Circle Events are– computed on the fly (intersection of the two bisectors in
between the three sites)– represented by the xy-coordinate of the lowest point of
an empty circle touching three or more sites– “anticipated”, these newly generated events may be
false and need to be removed later
• Event Queue prioritizes events based on their y-coordinates
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Summarizing Data Structures
• Current state of the Voronoi diagram– Doubly linked list of half-edge, vertex, cell records
• Current state of the beach line– Keep track of break points
• Inner nodes of binary search tree; represented by a tuple
– Keep track of arcs currently on beach line• Leaf nodes of binary search tree; represented by a site that
generated the arc
• Current state of the sweep line– Priority event queue sorted on decreasing y-coordinate
![Page 47: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Algorithm
1. Initialize• Event queue Q � all site events
• Binary search tree T � ∅• Doubly linked list D � ∅
2. While Q not ∅ ,• Remove event (e) from Q with largest y-
coordinate• HandleEvent(e, T, D)
![Page 48: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Handling Site Events
1. Locate the existing arc (if any) that is above thenew site
2. Break the arc by replacing the leaf node with asub tree representing the new arc and its breakpoints
3. Add two half-edge records in the doubly linkedlist
4. Check for potential circle event(s), add them toevent queue if they exist
![Page 49: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Locate the existing arc that is abovethe new site
pi pj pk pl
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj> < pk, pl>
• The x coordinate of the new site is used for the binary search• The x coordinate of each breakpoint along the root to leaf path
is computed on the fly
pi
pjpk
pl
lpm
![Page 50: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Break the Arc
pi pj pk
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj> < pk, pl>
Corresponding leaf replaced by a new sub-tree
pi
pjpk
pl
lpm
pm pl
< pl, pm>
< pm, pl>
plDifferent arcs can be identifiedby the same site!
![Page 51: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Add a new edge record in the doublylinked list
pi pj pk
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj> < pk, pl>
pm pl
< pl, pm>
< pm, pl>
pl
pi
pjpk
pl
lpm
New Half Edge RecordEndpoints� ∅
Pointers to two half-edgerecords
lpm
![Page 52: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Checking for Potential Circle Events• Scan for triple of consecutive arcs and
determine if breakpoints converge– Triples with new arc in the middle do not have
break points that converge
![Page 53: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Checking for Potential Circle Events• Scan for triple of consecutive arcs and
determine if breakpoints converge– Triples with new arc in the middle do not have
break points that converge
![Page 54: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Checking for Potential Circle Events• Scan for triple of consecutive arcs and
determine if breakpoints converge– Triples with new arc in the middle do not have
break points that converge
![Page 55: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Converging break points may notalways yield a circle event
• Appearance of a new site before the circleevent makes the potential circle non-empty
l
(The original circle event becomes a false alarm)
![Page 56: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Handling Site Events
1. Locate the leaf representing the existing arc that isabove the new site
– Delete the potential circle event in the event queue
2. Break the arc by replacing the leaf node with asub tree representing the new arc and break points
3. Add a new edge record in the doubly linked list4. Check for potential circle event(s), add them to
queue if they exist– Store in the corresponding leaf of T a pointer to the
new circle event in the queue
![Page 57: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Handling Circle Events
1. Add vertex to corresponding edge record in doublylinked list
2. Delete from T the leaf node of the disappearing arcand its associated circle events in the event queue
3. Create new edge record in doubly linked list
4. Check the new triplets formed by the formerneighboring arcs for potential circle events
![Page 58: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
A Circle Event
pi pj pk
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj> < pk, pl>
pi
pj
pkpl
lpm
pm pl
< pl, pm>
< pm, pl>
pl
![Page 59: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Add vertex to corresponding edge record
pi pj pk
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj> < pk, pl>
pi
pj
pkpl
lpm
pm pl
< pl, pm>
< pm, pl>
pl
Half Edge RecordEndpoints.add(x, y)
Half Edge RecordEndpoints.add(x, y)
Link!
![Page 60: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Deleting disappearing arc
pi pj pk
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj>
pi
pj
pkpl
lpm
pm pl
< pm, pl>
![Page 61: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Deleting disappearing arc
pi pj pk
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj>
pi
pj
pkpl
lpmpm pl
< pm, pl>
< pk, pm>
![Page 62: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Create new edge record
pi pj pk
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj>
pi
pj
pkpl
lpmpm pl
< pm, pl>
< pk, pm>
New Half Edge RecordEndpoints.add(x, y)
A new edge is traced out by the newbreak point < pk, pm>
![Page 63: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Check the new triplets forpotential circle events
pi pj pk
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj>
pi
pj
pkpl
lpmpm pl
< pm, pl>
< pk, pm>
Q y…
new circle event
![Page 64: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Minor Detail
• Algorithm terminates when Q = ∅ , but thebeach line and its break points continue totrace the Voronoi edges– Terminate these “half-infinite” edges via a
bounding box
![Page 65: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Algorithm Termination
pi pj pk
< pj, pk>
< pi, pj>
pi
pj
pkpl
l
pmpm pl
< pm, pl>
< pk, pm>
Q ∅
![Page 66: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Algorithm Termination
pi pj
< pj, pm>
< pi, pj>
pi
pj
pkpl
l
pm
pm pl
< pm, pl>
Q ∅
![Page 67: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Algorithm Termination
pi pj
< pj, pm>
< pi, pj>
pi
pj
pkpl
l
pm
pm pl
< pm, pl>
Q ∅
Terminate half-lineswith a bounding box!
![Page 68: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Outline• Definitions and Examples• Properties of Voronoi diagrams• Complexity of Voronoi diagrams• Constructing Voronoi diagrams
– Intuitions– Data Structures– Algorithm
• Running Time Analysis• Demo• Duality and degenerate cases
![Page 69: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Handling Site Events
1. Locate the leaf representing the existing arcthat is above the new site
– Delete the potential circle event in the event queue
2. Break the arc by replacing the leaf node with asub tree representing the new arc and breakpoints
3. Add a new edge record in the link list4. Check for potential circle event(s), add them to
queue if they exist– Store in the corresponding leaf of T a pointer to the
new circle event in the queue
Running Time
O(log n)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
![Page 70: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Handling Circle Events
1. Delete from T the leaf node of thedisappearing arc and its associatedcircle events in the event queue
2. Add vertex record in doubly link list3. Create new edge record in doubly
link list4. Check the new triplets formed by the
former neighboring arcs for potentialcircle events
Running Time
O(log n)
O(1)
O(1)
O(1)
![Page 71: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Total Running Time
• Each new site can generate at most two newarcs�beach line can have at most 2n – 1 arcs
�at most O(n) site and circle events in the queue
• Site/Circle Event Handler O(log n)
� O(n log n) total running time
![Page 72: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Is Fortune’s Algorithm Optimal?• We can sort numbers using any algorithm that
constructs a Voronoi diagram!
• Map input numbers to a position on the numberline. The resulting Voronoi diagram is doublylinked list that forms a chain of unbounded cells inthe left-to-right (sorted) order.
-5 1 3 6 7
NumberLine
![Page 73: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Outline• Definitions and Examples• Properties of Voronoi diagrams• Complexity of Voronoi diagrams• Constructing Voronoi diagrams
– Intuitions– Data Structures– Algorithm
• Running Time Analysis• Demo• Duality and degenerate cases
![Page 74: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Voronoi Diagram/Convex Hull Duality
Sites sharing a half-infinite edge are convex hull vertices
ev
pi
![Page 75: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Degenerate Cases
• Events in Q share the same y-coordinate– Can additionally sort them using x-coordinate
• Circle event involving more than 3 sites– Current algorithm produces multiple degree 3
Voronoi vertices joined by zero-length edges
– Can be fixed in post processing
![Page 76: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Degenerate Cases
• Site points are collinear (break pointsneither converge or diverge)– Bounding box takes care of this
• One of the sites coincides with the lowestpoint of the circle event– Do nothing
![Page 77: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Site coincides with circle event:the same algorithm applies!
1. New site detected2. Break one of the arcs an infinitesimal distance
away from the arc’s end point
![Page 78: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Site coincides with circle event
![Page 79: Lecture 7: Voronoi Diagramsnms.csail.mit.edu/~aklmiu/6.838/L7.pdf · Definition of Voronoi Diagram •LetP be a set of n distinct points (sites) in the plane. • The Voronoi diagram](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040622/5d20f7c788c993a5378de385/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Summary
• Voronoi diagram is a useful planarsubdivision of a discrete point set
• Voronoi diagrams have linear complexityand can be constructed in O(n log n) time
• Fortune’s algorithm (optimal)