lecture 6 momentum, relativity, energy and civilization chapter 3.8 3.15 outline linear momentum...
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Lecture 6Momentum, Relativity, Energy and Civilization
Chapter 3.8 3.15
Outline
• Linear Momentum• Angular Momentum• Relativity and Rest Energy• Energy and Civilization
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Momentum
p = linear momentum m = mass v = velocity
Linear momentum
p = m v [p] = kg m/s
Linear momentum is a measure of tendency of an object to move at a constant speed along a straight line
Momentum is a vector
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Conservation of momentum
In the absence of outside forces, the total momentum of a set of objects remains the same irrespective of interactions between them.
Total momentum = m1v1 = (m1+m2) v2
If the initial momentum was 0, then m1v1= m2v2
Demonstrations
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Angular Momentum
Angular momentum is a rotational quantity that corresponds to linear momentum.
It describes the tendency of spinning objects to keep spinning.
Angular momentum is also a vector.Its direction coincides with the spin direction.
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Relativity
The theory of relativity was proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905.
Relativity links space and time as well as matter and energy.
There are 2 parts of the theory: special relativity and general relativity.
Special relativity considers only constant velocities.General relativity includes acceleration.
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Basis for Special Relativity
The laws of physics are the same in any inertial (that is, non-accelerated) frame of reference.The laws of physics observed by an observer traveling at some constant velocity must be the same as those observed by a stationary observer.
The speed of light is the same for all observers, no matter what their relative speeds.
c = 3 108 m/s = 300,000 km/s = 186,000 mi/s
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Effects of Special Relativity
In a reference frame moving with a constant velocity v:Length of an object is L0
Its mass is m0
A time interval is t0
In a stationary reference frame the same quantities will be: L, m, t.
L < L0
m > m0
t > t0
The differences (ratios) depend on the ratio v/c: = 1/ (1 v2/c2) ≥ 1
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Rest Energy
Mass and Energy are related to each other and can be converted into each other.
The rest energy of a body is the energy equivalent of its mass.
E0 = m0c2
E0 (m=1 kg) = 1 kg x (3 108)2 (cm/s)2 ~ 1017 JPE (m=1 kg, h=9 km) = mgh = 1 kg x 9.8 m/s2 x 9000 m ~ 105 J
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General Relativity
Theory of general relativity was published in 1916.
It relates gravitation to the structure of space and time.
Gravity can be described as warping of spacetime around a body of matter a nearby mass tends to move toward the body.
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Spacetime warping
Observational testing of general relativity
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The Energy Problem
Until recently the energy consumption by the mankind was small with respect to the amount of available nature resources.
The natural resources include: water, coal, natural gas, oil, sources of nuclear energy.
Current problems:
Limited resources of fossil fuels (e.g., oil and natural gas).Air pollution due to fuel burning.Radioactivity of the nuclear fuel.
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Possible Solutions of the Energy Problem
• Make energy consumption more efficient• Using alternative sources of energy (wind,
geothermal energy, solar energy, fusion nuclear reactions)
Both solutions require technology development science is very important!
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Summary
• Conservation of energy and momenta work in any physical process
• The energy problem may become a serious issue for the mankind during the current century
• Theory of relativity expands the classical (Newtonian) mechanics to all possible velocities