lecture 6 modernism

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) –Modernism

History of Architecture-II (AP-313)

Modernism

LECTURE 6

Nipesh P Narayanan

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http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egypte.html


19th & 20th CENTURY - THE ERA OF – INDUSTRIALIZATION, URBANIZATION & WAR

• 1850 to 1877 – Population of Paris doubled

• Industrialization led Urbanization and massive building exercise

• New materials for building

• World War I (1914-18) & World War II (1939-45)

• World War II and End of Colonialism

• New Typologies – Railway Station, Department Store, Office, Apartment towers, Factories, Dams and Airports…

• New Clients – Municipalities, cooperatives, institutions, social groups…


ÉDOUARD MANET OLYMPIA

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1863


CHARLES BAUDELAIRE PARIS SPLEEN

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1869

“The crowd is not only the newest asylum of outlaws; it is also the latest narcotic of those abandoned. The flaneur is someone abandoned in the crowd. In this he shares the situation of the commodity. He is not aware of this special situation, but this does not diminish its effect on him and it permeates him blissfully like a narcotic that can compensate him for many humiliations. The intoxication to which the flaneur surrenders is the intoxication of the commodity around which surges the stream of customers”

~ Walter Benjamin


GUSTAVE CAILLEBOTTE LE PONT DE L'EUROPE

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The Europe Bridge (1876)


CLAUDE MONET MEN UNLOADING COAL

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1875


CLAUDE MONET SAINT LAZARE TRAIN STATION

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1877


GEORGES SEURAT BATHERS IN ASNIÈRES

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1884


INDUSTRIALIZATION AND STEEL

Garabit viaduct, France, Gustave Eiffel (1882-84)

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INDUSTRIALIZATION AND STEEL

Forth Bridge, Scotland, Benjamin Baker (1890)

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COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION CHICAGO, 1893

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Auditorium, Louis Sullivan & Dankmar Adler, 1886-89



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Auditorium, Louis Sullivan & Dankmar Adler, 1886-89


“As long as we are used to proceeding by reasoning, as long as we have a principle, any compositional task is possible, if not easy, and follows an orderly, methodical path, the results of which, though they may not be masterpieces, are at the very lest fine, acceptable pieces of work that can have style"

~ Wugène Viollet-le-duc Lectures on Architecture, 1881.

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IDEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE



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Otto Wagner ‘In modern Architecture (1896)’ advocates utilitarian style, that was free of historical references & that transported the rhythms of industrial society of architecture.

1895

1903



"It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things superhuman, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law.“

~ Louis Sullivan (1896). "The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered"


CHICAGO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, Louis Sullivan (1899)

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INDUSTRIALIZATION AND CONCRETE

Rue Franklin Apartments, Paris, Auguste Perret (1902-04)

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Dom-ino House, Concept, Le Corbusier (1914-15)

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Lycée Camille Sée, Paris, François Le Coeur (1933-34)

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INTERNATIONAL EXPOSURE

• Long Distance Travel

• Telegraph

• Increasingly accurate reproduction of Photographs (Beginning 1820s)



Crystal Palace, Photo: François Emile Zola, 1898

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1898 "International Competition for the Phoebe Hearst Architectural Plan for the University of California,"

Emile Bénard won but John Galen Howard built



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The 1912 Competition to Design Canberra

Walter Burley Griffin won the competition


PETER BEHRENS AEG TURBINE FACTORY

1908-09

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PETER BEHRENS

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Le Corbusier

Walter Gropius


THE NEW OBJECTIVISM AND THE WEIMAR GERMANY

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1904-05

Hermann Muthesius

Deutscher Werkbund (German Association of Craftsmen)

Bauhaus


GERMAN WERKBUND AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF SOCIAL REFORM

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Karl Marx-Hof, Karl Ehn, Vienna, 1927-30


GERMAN WERKBUND AND THE 1914 COLOGNE EXHIBITION

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Glass Pavilion , Bruno Julius Florian Taut, 1914


THE NEW OBJECTIVISM AND THE 1914 COLOGNE EXHIBITION

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Model Factory, Walter Gropius & Adolf Meyer, 1914


BAUHAUS

1919 to 1933

• Weimar - 1919 to 1925, • Dessau - 1925 to 1932 • Berlin - 1932 to 1933

Walter Gropius - 1919 to 1928, Hannes Meyer - 1928 to 1930

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - 1930 until 1933

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INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF MODERN INDUSTRIAL & DECORATIVE ARTS

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INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 1925

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L'Esprit Nouveau Pavilion, Le Corbusier, 1925


INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION 1925

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USSR Pavilion, Konstantin Melnikov, 1925


VIRGINIA WOOLF TO THE LIGHTHOUSE

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1927

"Yes, of course, if it's fine tomorrow," said Mrs Ramsay. "But you'll have to be up with the lark," she added. To her son these words conveyed an extraordinary joy, as if it were settled, the expedition were bound to take place, and the wonder to which he had looked forward, for years and years it seemed, was, after a night's darkness and a day's sail, within touch. Since he belonged, even at the age of six, to that great clan which cannot keep this feeling separate from that, but must let future prospects, with their joys and sorrows, cloud what is actually at hand, since to such people even in earliest childhood any turn in the wheel of sensation has the power to crystallise and transfix the moment upon which its gloom or radiance rests, James Ramsay, sitting on the floor cutting out pictures from the illustrated catalogue of the Army and Navy stores, endowed the picture of a refrigerator, as his mother spoke, with heavenly bliss. It was fringed with joy.”


CIAM CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL D'ARCHITECTURE MODERNE – 1928-59

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LE CORBUSIER 5 POINTS OF ARCHITECTURE

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•Pilotis

•Roof gardens

•The free designing of the ground plan

•The free design of façade

•The horizontal window


LE CORBUSIER VILLA SAVOYE

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Paris , 1928-31



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Paris , 1928-31



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Paris , 1928-31


LE CORBUSIER CAPITAL COMPLEX

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Chandigarh , 1950s


LE CORBUSIER’s PARIS MODERNISM AND UTOPIA

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1925


WALTER GROPIUS BAUHAUS

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Dessau, 1925-26


WALTER GROPIUS BAUHAUS

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Dessau, 1925-26


LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE BARCELONA PAVILION

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Barcelona , 1929



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Barcelona , 1929



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Barcelona , 1929


LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE SEAGRAM BUILDING

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Less is more, New York , 1958



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New York , 1958



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New York , 1958


"God is dead“~ Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882

lecture 6 modernism

Education

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