lecture 5, 8 sept 2009 506 meet 9am wed in bse129 biodiversity … · 2009. 9. 10. · 1 1 lecture...
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Lecture 5, 8 Sept 2009Biodiversity
Conservation BiologyECOL 406R/506R
University of ArizonaFall 2009
Kevin BonineMary Jane Epps
2nd Lab Friday 11 Sept 1pm northwest corner BSE
506 meet 9am Wed in BSE129
Biodiversity ReadingsPrimack Ch2, Myers et al. 2000Primack Ch3Costanza et al. 1997Driessen 2004Primack Ch4
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Biodiversity (Biological Diversity)
“structural and functional variety of life forms at genetic, population, community, and ecosystem levels”
4 5Miller 2003
Evolution of Life o
n Earth
6Miller 2003
Major Extinction Events 7
Groom et al. 2006
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Miller 2003
Adaptive Radiation
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10http://hawaiiconservation.org/conservationresources.asp (2003)328 as of Sept 2007
1113513051046Grand Total
744146598Plant Subtotal
202Lichens
26224Ferns and Allies
312Conifers and Cycads
713143570Flowering Plants
607159448Animal Subtotal
220Corals
22319Crustaceans
12012Arachnids
571047Insects
751164Snails
70862Clams
1396574Fishes
231013Amphibians
372413Reptiles
891475Birds
811269Mammals
Total ListingsThreatenedEndangered
United States
Group
http
://ec
os.fw
s.gov
/tess
_pub
lic/B
oxsc
ore.
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Sep
tem
ber 2
007
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Hawaiian Endangered SpeciesUnfortunately, Hawai‘i has the highest number of listed threatened and endangered species in the nation. There are 394 threatened and endangered species in the State of Hawai‘i, of which 294 are plants, 57 invertebrates, and 43 vertebrates.
http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/wesa/endspindex.html#Hawaiian 13
What is biodiversity?
Primack 2006, Fig 3.6
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Scientific AmericanNovember 2001
~12-14 milliontotal species(50-90% intropical forests)
~1.7 identified
most
least
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How many species on earth?
Primack 2006, Fig 3.6
16Primack 2006
Research Focus?
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Tara Oceans
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Biodiversity
1. Genetic(nat. sel.)
2. Species
3. Ecologicalforests, deserts, lakes, wetlands, reefs etc.
4. Functionalenergy flownutrient cyclingetc.
Fig 2-13 Miller 2003
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Levels of BiologicalOrganization.
Scaling.
Miller, 2003
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20Groom et al. 2006
Biodiversity
1. Genetic
2. Population/Species
3. Community/Ecosystem
4. Landscape
CompositionStructureFunction
21Pimm and Jenkins 2005
Where is biodiversity?One tree in Peru with same ant diversity as Britain
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Species Richness and Latitude
Altitude?Primack 2006 23
Van Dyke 2003
24Primack 2006
TropicalRainforests
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Primack 2006
Coral Reefs
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Lissamphibia
Urodela(salamanders)
10 families, 60 genera, 516 spp.Ambystoma californiense
Ambystoma tigrinum
Unken reflexFig. 13.5
Stebbins and Cohen, 1995
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Urodela families
Pough et al. 2004
Sirenidae Hynobiidae
Salamandridae
(only 1 of 10 not found in U.S.)
28Pough et al. 2004
Urodela families
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PlethodontidaeProteidae
Pough et al. 2004
Urodela families
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What factors correlated with high diversity?
• Energy• Precipitation• Temperature• Area• Habitat heterogeneity (e.g., foliage height and birds)
• ~Stable environment• Moderate (intermediate) disturbance level
(shifting mosaic, no climax)
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Energy (one way)waste heat = entropy
Everything else cycles
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Resistancemaintain same state despiteongoing disturbance
Vs.
Resiliencereturn to original state quicklyfollowing disturbance
Ecosystem Integrity
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Distribution andAbundance
Other Miller 2003
34Range of tolerance of abiotic factor(s)
Miller, 2003
Distribution and Abundance
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Terrestrial Biomes
(Forest, Desert, Grassland, Tundra, etc.)Biotic (~Vegetative) Communities
Climate1. Temperature2. Precipitation(3. Soil type)
- Latitude- Altitude
Miller 2003 3-5
36Groom et al. 2006 37
Van Dyke 2003
Species-Area Relationship
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Van Dyke 2003
Woodlots vs. contiguous forest
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Myers et al. 2000, Nature44% vascular plants, 35% tetrapods
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25 Hotspots
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Criteria for Hotspots?(at least 0.5% vascular plants; tetrapods; lost 70% habitat)
How decide if threatened?
Why so many Islands?
Invertebrates?Microbes?
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Leading Hotspots (Endemics)
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Endemics per unit area
8
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Congruence
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Eight Hottest Hotspots
Paper Parks?
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Conservation Costs?$500 million annually to protect 25 hotspots$40+ million annually in past decade$250 million to go to Mars (biodiversity!)$1.5 trillion in anti-biodiversity subsidies
$War
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What is a species?
Is ‘species’ a useful designation?
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Species = ?
Biological Species Concept (Mayr)“a group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups”
2-morphological/typological species concept (plants)3-evolutionary species concept4-genetic species concept5-paleontological species concept6-cladistic species concept
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Biological Species Concept1. Testable and operational2. Definition compatible with established
legal concepts3. Focus on level of biodiversity that agrees
with tradition of conservation
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Campbell 1993
Ernst Mayr (1904-2005)Published papers for > 80 years 51Ernst Mayr interviewed in Campbell 1993