lecture 5 (25.07
TRANSCRIPT
MORBIDITY & MORTALITY
• Morbidity = Morbid 1.(of sb’s mind or ideas) having or showing an interest in gloomy or unpleasant things, esp. disease or death: ‘He might even die’, ‘don’t be so morbid’. 2.(medical) diseased: ‘a morbid growth e.g. cancer/tumour’
• Mortality = Number of death in a specified period of time: infant mortality (the rate at which baby die) was 20 deaths per thousand live birth in 1986.
Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste•Waste = (1) Schedule Waste & (2) Municipal Waste = (1) Schedule Waste & (2) Municipal Solid Waste.Solid Waste.
•(1) Schedule Waste = Hazardous (ignitable, (1) Schedule Waste = Hazardous (ignitable, corrosive, reactive & toxic) is dealt under the corrosive, reactive & toxic) is dealt under the Environment Quality Act 1974 by the DOE.Environment Quality Act 1974 by the DOE.
•(2) MSW = total of all material thrown from (2) MSW = total of all material thrown from homes & commercial establishment homes & commercial establishment (trash/refuse/garbage).(trash/refuse/garbage).
MSW Disposal• In M’sia, no Federal or State Legislation deals directly on
MSW.• MSW is being managed under the extrapolation of the
LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT 1976 & The STREET, DRAINAGE & BUILDING ACT 1974.
• Some Local Authorities implemented by-laws → the REFUCE COLLECTION, REMOVAL & DISPOSAL BY-LAWS under the Local Government Act.
• Overall, Local Government (‘kerajaan tempatan’- MPPP,MPSP,MPPJ etc.) responsible for collecting & disposal.
• State & Federal Regulations apply to point of disposal.
MSW Composition• MSW ↑ due to ↑ population & ↑ use of disposable
materials & excessive packaging.• MSW composition vary according to:
– Generator (Commercial vs. residential)– Neighbourhood (poor vs. rich)– Time of year (summer vs. winter)
• In M’sia, MSW is divided into 5 types:– Domestic Waste– Industrial Waste (non-scheduled)– Bulk Waste– Sea Waste– River Waste
MSW Management in Penang
• Goto: http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/spc/State_of_waste_Management/2.asp for statistic on waste generation in Malaysia & other SEA countries.
• Penang Generates ~ 655 tons/day MSW (2004), 768 tons/day (2005).
• Does not include Construction & Demolition Waste ~ 428 tons/day (Penang).
• All Penang MSW dispose to landfill.• Waste collection has been outsourced since early 1980s.
5 private contractors (cover 80% of Penang Island, the rest by MPPP).
MSW composition of Penang (2003)
• More reference :http://www.vitalgraphics.net/waste/download/waste2223.PDF
Points of disposal in Penang
• 2 active landfills –(1) Jelutong Landfill-construction waste (2) Pulau Burung Sanitary Landfill.
• Both sites are naturally line with clay (prevent contamination of ground water).
• Both sites close to sea (danger of spillage of leachate).
• All MSW from Penang Island→Batu Maung Transfer Station →Put on barge → towed by tug boat → Pulau Burung (south of Seberang Perai Selatan).
Ways of Disposal
• Until 1980’s, most MSW was disposed in open burning dump (Jelutong Landfill).
• Open burning dump – Refuse fails to burn well,air pollution,site for flies & rats.
• Incinerators (or combustion facilities) – huge furnaces,high temperature, prime source of air pollution.
• Public objection & air pollution laws force the close down of many open burning dump & incinerator. Open burning dump converts to landfills.
U.S. MSW disposal
• US (1996)- 56% Landfill,27% recycle & compost, 17% combustion.
• Japan- over 60% combustion, > 20% recycle.• Most Western Europe-<50% Landfill,Compost &
recycle the rest.• Malaysia - >90% Landfill (~230 dump site, only
10% comes with leachate treatment pond & gas ventilation), < 5% recycle, the rest combustion. Penang ~12.7% recycle.
Landfills• Waste is put on or in the ground and covered with soil.• Air pollution & vermin population (flies,crows,rats etc.)
are kept down.• Generally, on any cheap,conveniently located piece of
land (frequently a gully or ravine,abandoned stone quarry,wetlands or previous dump).
• Problems with Landfills -Biological & Physical factors:– Leachate generation & groundwater contamination– Methane production– Incomplete decomposition– Settling