lecture 5 1. goals of lecture part a: journal part b: stock a/c drawings carriage inwards &...
TRANSCRIPT
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BOOK KEEPING ILECTURE 5
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GOALS OF LECTUREPart A:JournalPart B:Stock A/cDrawingsCarriage Inwards & Carriage Outwards
Some Basic Ratios
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ACCOUNTING PROCESS AND RECORDS▲ Accounting records are any listing or book which
records the transactions of a business in a logical manner. This is achieved by the use of books of prime entry and the Ledger.
Journals ( Journal is one of the books of prime entry) is a detail diary in which the transactions of each day are recorded. They are used as an initial ‘store’ of information of the business transactions prior to storing the information in the ledger accounts.
journalsLedger
accountsTrial BalanceTransactions
Step 1 Step 2
Financialstatements
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The Accounting ProcessTransaction Journal General
Ledger (T-Accounts) Trial Balance Financial Statements (Income Statement and Balance Sheet)
Documents verifying a transaction:Bank deposit documentationInvoices ChequesStock certificates
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ACCOUNTING RECORDS
▲ The journal is called a book of prime entry meaning the ‘first book’.
A Journal is prepared in a specific format as shown in the next slide.
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Journal Four parts: a)Date of transaction b)Title of account debited with dollar amount c)Title of account credited with dollar amount d)Brief explanation of transaction
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To sum up: the Journal and the LedgerJournal Chronological record of transactions Organized by date Ledger The book holding all the accounts and their
balances Organized by account
Book of Prime Entry Transaction type
Sales Day Book Credit Sales
Purchases Day Book Credit Purchases
Sales Returns day Book Returns of goods sold on credit
Purchases returns day book Returns of goods bought on credit
Cash Book All bank transactions
Petty Cash Book All small cash transactions
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Other Books of Prime Entry
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Example of Journal: Ned Brown opened a medical practice in San Diego, California. 1 Record the preceding transactions in the journal of Ned Brown, M.D., P.C. Include an explanation.
Jan 1: The business received $29,000 cash and issued common stock.
Jan 2 Purchased medical supplies on account, $14,000.
Jan 2 Paid monthly office rent of $2,600. Jan 3 Recorded $8,000 revenue for service
rendered to patients on account.
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DATE DESCRIPTION DEBIT CREDIT
JAN 1 Cash 29000
Common Stock 29000
Issued stock
Jan. 2: Purchased medical supplies on credit, $14,000. Medical Supplies, an asset, is increasing .Assets increase with debits. On credit increases accounts payable, a liability Increase liabilities with credits
DATE DESCRIPTION DEBIT CREDIT
JAN 2 Medical supplies 14000
Accounts payable 14000
Purchased supplies on account
Jan 1: The business received $29,000 cash and issued common stock Cash received indicates cash increases Cash is an Asset; Assets increase with debits .Issued common stock; indicates equity is increasing Increase equity with credits
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Jan. 2: Paid monthly office rent of $2,600 .Paid rent, an expense, expense is increasing .Expenses increase with debits .Paid cash, cash is an asset ,decrease assets with credits
DATE DESCRIPTION DEBIT CREDIT
JAN 2 Rent Expense 2600
Cash 2600
Paid Office Rent
Jan. 3: Recorded $8,000 revenue for service rendered to patients on credit. On credit indicates Accounts receivable increase .Accounts receivable is an Asset, Assets increase with debits .Rendered services, services are revenues, indicates revenues are increasing Increase revenues with credits
DATE DESCRIPTION DEBIT CREDIT
JAN 3 Accounts receivable 8000
Service Revenue 8000
Performed service on account
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Copying amounts from the journal to the ledger
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EXERCISES ON JOURNALp.86-94
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The Stock Account and the double entry bookkeeping with the Trading Account
The Opening Balance goes to trading account and the Closing Balance comes from the trading account
Dr Name of Account Cr Date B/ce B/d X € Date Trading A/c X€ Date Trading A/c Y€ Date B/ce C/d Y € Date B/ce B/d Y €
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Carriage Inwards and Carriage OutwardsCarriage refers to the costs of transporting
goods to and from the firm. From the buyer’s point of view, the delivery
charge would he referred to as “carriage inwards”. Any such carriage charges should be debited to the carriage inwards account in the general ledger.
The carriage inwards account is written off to the trading account at the end of the accounting period.
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When the buyer sells the goods to his customer, he incurs further delivery charges. This cost is referred to as ‘carriage outwards”. These costs are debited to the carriage outwards account in the general ledger.
Any carriage outwards charges are usually included in an item called ‘selling and distribution costs”. Since this cost is incurred after the goods have been made ready for sale, the account is written off to the profit and loss account at the end of the accounting period.
Each type of carriage will be an expense and therefore will have a debit balance in the trial balance. However, these two carriages will appear in different sections of the trading and profit and loss account.
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Accounting Treatment of Carriage Inwards and Carriage Outwards
Journal Entry for Carriage Inwards:Debit Carriage Inwards Credit BankJournal Entry for Carriage Outwards:Debit Carriage Outwards Credit BankTreatment in Trading, Profit and Loss
Accounts: Carriage inwards Trading account
expense Carriage outwards Profit & loss account
expense
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Summary: Carriage inwards is connected with the cost of getting goods
into the business and ready for sale. As a result, it will be added on in the calculation for the cost of goods sold. Carriage outwards does not have anything to do with the cost of getting goods into saleable condition. Therefore it will appear with all the other overhead expenses in the profit and loss account.
Good to know: Nowadays, the price quoted for goods being purchased will
usually be inclusive of any delivery charge, and so a separate charge for carriage inwards (or outwards) is not very common. In cases where separate carriage inwards charges are incurred, the cost should be added on to the cost of purchases in the trading account. Consequently, a proportion of carriage inwards charges should be added to the purchase cost when determining the cost of closing stock.
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Drawings Are the money or goods that the owner of the
business is taking out of the company (draws) for his own personal use. The Drawings account is always debited and the account affected is credited. At the end of the year the drawings account goes to Capital Account and reduces it.
If the owners takes cash out of the business:Journal Entry:Debit Drawings a/c Credit Cash/BankIf the owners takes goods out of the business:Journal Entry:Debit Drawings a/c Credit Purchases a/c
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Capital AccountLoss for the year x B/ce b/d
xDrawings x Net Profit
xB/ce c/d x Cash injections
x x
x B/ce b/d
x
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Some Basic Ratios
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1. Gross Margin ratio (%) =Gross Profit to Sales
Gross Margin Ratio = Gross Profit = …….% Sales
Or = Sales – Cost of Sales = ……..
% Sales It means that ….% of sales is gross profit. Is the
percentage that a company keeps from its sales, after deducting the direct costs of producing the goods and services sold by the company.
The higher is that ratio the better!!!Gross Margin Ratio is also called Gross Profit MarginMargin is profit expressed as a percentage of the sales.
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2.Mark up ratioMark up Ratio = Sales – Cost of Sales =
……..% Cost Of SalesOr Gross Profit =……..% Cost of Sales
Mark-up is profit expressed as a percentage of the cost of goods sold.
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3. Stock Turnover = Cost of Sales / Stock= ……times
Stock Turnover = Cost of Sales / Stock= …….times
Indicates how rapidly inventory is being sold. Usually, the faster inventory is sold, the more profitable the firm will be. Firms with rapid turnover might include grocery stores, donut shops, etc. A larger inventory turnover number is usually preferred over a smaller number.
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4. Net Profit to Sales RatioNet Profit to Sales Ratio = Net Profit = …..% Sales
It means that ….% of sales is Net profit. Is the percentage that a company keeps from its sales, after deducting the direct costs of producing the goods and services sold by the company and all other expenses: selling, administrative, general expenses and interest. So after deducting all costs and expenses.