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Lecture 4 : Mines reclamation

Dr Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob

Geologi, UKM

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Perundangan Alam Sekitar yang berkaitan dengan

perlombongan / pengeluaran sumber mineral

Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob

(Penjam Gold Mine, Kuala Lipis Pahang) (Lombong Bijih Timah di Sg. Lembing, Pahang)

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We can have monkeys on top of the trees; and we can

have mines under the ground.

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Bab 19 : Alam Sekitar dan Pengurusan Mampan Sumber Asli

(Rancangan Malaysia ke 8)

Model Enakmen Mineral Negeri, yang

membolehkan usaha cari gali dan

perlombongan mineral yang tersusun,

cekap dan mesra alam serta memastikan

aktiviti selepas perlombongan dijalankan

untuk menukar tanah bekas lombong

bagi kegunaan lain-lain aktiviti ekonomi,

telah diambil guna oleh Negeri Sabah

dan Selangor.

Mesra alam = environmental friendly

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National Mineral Policy

7. To provide environmental protection and management of social impact

• 7.1 Regulation of active project sites

Mineral projects shall employ modern and efficient method of extraction,

processing and waste disposal which minimise the immediate and long term impacts on the environment. Firms must comply with the environmental standards and obligations detailed in the Environmental Quality Act 1974, and all other relevant laws.

• 7.2 Rehabilitation requirements

Land subject to mineral exploitation shall be rehabilitated to a state which will allow future economic use or timely reversion to a safe and, wherever realistically and economically possible, aesthetically natural-like condition.

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Akta Pembangunan Mineral, 1994

Akta Pembangunan Mineral 1994 digubal untuk

mengadakan peruntukan bagi pemeriksaan

dan pengawalseliaan kerja penjelajahan

(exploration), pencarigalian (prospecting)

dan perlombongan mineral dan bijih mineral

dan bagi perkara lain yang berkaitan

dengannya.

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Environmental Quality Act, 1974

• Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987

– Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) Order 2000

• Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 1989

• Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978

– Environmental Quality (Clean Air) (Amendment) Regulations 2000

• Environmental Quality (Motor Vehicle Noise) Regulations 1987

• Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979

– Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) (Amendment) Regulations 2000

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Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities)

(Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987

• Section 34A

• Since April 1988

• Mining– Total area in excess of 250 hectares

– Ore processing, including concentrating for Al, Cu, Au or tantalum

– Sand dredging involving an area of >50 hectares

• Quarries– Proposed quarrying of aggregate, limestone,

silica, sandstone, marble and decorative building stone

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ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR MINING

AND QUARRIES

• Book 1: Environmental guidelines for mines and quarries

• Book 2: Environmental guidelines for mineral exploration

• Book 3: Environmental guidelines for mine and quarry explorations

• Book 4: Environmental guidelines for mine and quarry rehabilitation

All books were prepared by ADI Nolan Davis Inc. under contract with Government of Malaysia

DOE, Dec 1995

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Appropariate state and local legislation…

ENAKMEN MINERAL NEGERI (EMN)

(MINERAL ENACTMENT, 2001)

• EMN mengantikan Enakmen Melombong Bab 147 dan Ordinan Melombong Negeri yang telah dipakai sejak tahun 30an– Tidak memberi perhatian yang cukup terhadap pemeliharaan alam sekitar

dan pemuliharaan tanah bekas lombong

• Penguatkuasaan EMN ini adalah mustahak:--

(1) untuk menentukan fungsi dan tanggungjawab Kerajaan Persekutuan dan Kerajaan-Kerajaan Negeri dalam urusan pentadbiran industri mineral dapat diselaraskan dengan lebih berkesan,

(2) alam sekeliling lombong dipelihara

(3) bekas lombong dipulihkan dengan baik dan

(4) seterusnya mewujudkan satu sistem penyampaian yang cekap agar sektor mineral dapat dibangunkan semula secara menyeluruh dan menjadi sumber pelaburan, pertumbuhan dan kekayaan negeri dan negara.

• Peraturan Kuari (Kanun Tanah Negara 1965)

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Enakmen Melombong(sekitar 1930an)

1. Royalti2. JK Sumber Mineral Negeri3. Urusan kerja carigali4. Pemulihan alam sekitar5. Jaminan atas pajakan6. Lesen melombong tuan punya7. Timbang tara masalah

Akta Pembangunan Mineral, 1994ENAKMEN MINERAL, 2001

(Pejabat Tanah dan Galian)(Dikuatkuasakan oleh agensi perseketuan)

(Dipertanggungjawabkan ke atas negeri-negeri)

Mining Enactment 1936 [ FMS Cap. 147] –(Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang)

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Pemulihan alam sekitar di bawah EMN

• Pemuliharaan alam sekitar

• Pemulihan kawasan bekas lombong

– Kajian kebolehlaksanaan (feasibility study)

– Pelan Pemulihan lombong

– Penilaian Kesan Alam Sekeliling (EIA)

– Tabung Pemulihan Lombong / Tabung

Pemulihan Bersama

JK Sumber Mineral Negeri

JK Sumber Mineral Negeri = PTG, Jabatan Perhutanan, JAS, JMG, etc.

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Mine reclamation

Sg. Lembing (bijih timah)Temangan (bijih besi)

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Mine reclamation

– REFILL

– LAND RECLAMATION

– VEGETATION

• Surface mines

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Refill

Refill & vegetation

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VEGETATION

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Bekas lombong emas Bukit Ibam, Pahang

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Mine reclamation

– Block the hole (especially mine shaft)

• Hole plug

• Grouting (i.e. simen)

• Concrete cap

• Refill

– Good engineering design / practise

– Exclusion zones for development

• During planning stage

• Underground mine

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Block the hole

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Grouting

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Good engineering design / practise

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Exclusion zones for

development

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THE END