Lecture №4Lecture №4

METHODS OF RESEARCHMETHODS OF RESEARCH

Method (Greek. methodos) - Method (Greek. methodos) - way of knowledge, the study of way of knowledge, the study of natural phenomena and social natural phenomena and social life. It is also a set of methods life. It is also a set of methods or operations of practical or or operations of practical or theoretical understanding of theoretical understanding of reality, aimed at solving reality, aimed at solving specific problems. The specific problems. The difference between method difference between method and theory has a functional and theory has a functional nature: Formed as a result of nature: Formed as a result of the previous theoretical the previous theoretical studies, the method serves as studies, the method serves as a starting point and condition a starting point and condition for future researchfor future research..

Methods (Greek methodike) - Methods (Greek methodike) - a set of methods, techniques a set of methods, techniques of any work. Methods of of any work. Methods of study - a system of rules of study - a system of rules of methods and operations.methods and operations.

The choice of specific The choice of specific research methods dictated by research methods dictated by the nature of the actual the nature of the actual material conditions and for material conditions and for specific research. Methods specific research. Methods are ordered system, which is are ordered system, which is determined by their place determined by their place according to a specific phase according to a specific phase of the study, using of the study, using techniques and operations of techniques and operations of the theoretical and factual the theoretical and factual material in a given sequence.material in a given sequence.

Quite common is the division Quite common is the division of the main types of methods of the main types of methods on two criteria: the purpose on two criteria: the purpose and method of and method of implementation.implementation.

In the first sign stand called In the first sign stand called primary methods used to collect primary methods used to collect information, research sources, information, research sources, observation, interviews, etc.. observation, interviews, etc.. Secondary methods used for Secondary methods used for processing and analyzing data - processing and analyzing data - quantitative and qualitative data quantitative and qualitative data analysis, their ordering, scaling, analysis, their ordering, scaling, etc.. The third type is presented etc.. The third type is presented verification methods and verification methods and techniques. techniques.

Based method of distinguish Based method of distinguish logical and analytical, visual and logical and analytical, visual and experimental playing methods. experimental playing methods. The first group includes The first group includes traditional methods of traditional methods of deduction and induction, which deduction and induction, which differ in initial stages. They differ in initial stages. They complement each other and can complement each other and can be used for verification - be used for verification - checking the validity of checking the validity of hypotheses and conclusions.hypotheses and conclusions.

Visual or graphic, techniques Visual or graphic, techniques - graphs, charts, diagrams, - graphs, charts, diagrams, cartograms, and others. cartograms, and others. allow you to get a allow you to get a synthesized view of the synthesized view of the investigated object and at investigated object and at the same time clearly show the same time clearly show the components, their the components, their specific gravity, causal specific gravity, causal relationships, the intensity relationships, the intensity distribution of components distribution of components in a given volume. These in a given volume. These methods are closely related methods are closely related to computer technology.to computer technology.

Experiment and play methods Experiment and play methods directly related to real objects that directly related to real objects that function in a particular situation, function in a particular situation, and intended to predict the results. and intended to predict the results. With them is associated a branch of With them is associated a branch of mathematics - "game theory", with mathematics - "game theory", with their help, we study the situation in their help, we study the situation in the political, economic, military the political, economic, military issues. They are used in psychology issues. They are used in psychology ("transactional analysis"), sociology ("transactional analysis"), sociology ("impression management", "social ("impression management", "social engineering"), the methodology of engineering"), the methodology of Training. Training.

In Aspects of Applied Arts is In Aspects of Applied Arts is appropriate mathematical methods. appropriate mathematical methods. Mathematical apparatus of Mathematical apparatus of probability theory allows to study the probability theory allows to study the mass phenomena in sociology, mass phenomena in sociology, linguistics. Mathematical methods linguistics. Mathematical methods play an important role in the play an important role in the processing of statistical data processing of statistical data modeling. However, it should take modeling. However, it should take into account the difference in the into account the difference in the nature of objects and categories of nature of objects and categories of humanities, natural sciences and humanities, natural sciences and mathematics. mathematics.

Observation - systematic Observation - systematic deliberate learning object. deliberate learning object. This is the most basic This is the most basic method, which is usually method, which is usually part of other empirical part of other empirical methods.methods.

Comparison - one of the most Comparison - one of the most common methods of learning. common methods of learning. This process of establishing This process of establishing similarities or differences similarities or differences between objects and phenomena, between objects and phenomena, and finding a general, inherent and finding a general, inherent in two or more objects.in two or more objects.

Measurement - a procedure Measurement - a procedure of numerical values of of numerical values of certain quantities by units. certain quantities by units. The value of this procedure The value of this procedure is that it provides accurate, is that it provides accurate, quantitative information quantitative information about the specified object. about the specified object. When measured, the When measured, the following basic elements: the following basic elements: the object of measurement object of measurement standards, measuring standards, measuring instruments, methods of instruments, methods of measurement.measurement.

Experiment - it is a method of Experiment - it is a method of studying the object that is studying the object that is associated with active and associated with active and deliberate intervention deliberate intervention researcher in natural conditions researcher in natural conditions of existence of objects and of existence of objects and phenomena, or the creation of phenomena, or the creation of artificial conditions necessary to artificial conditions necessary to identify its respective identify its respective properties.properties.

At the stage of gathering At the stage of gathering factual information and its factual information and its systematic use of primary systematic use of primary methods of surveys methods of surveys (questionnaires, interviews) (questionnaires, interviews) and peer reviews, and and peer reviews, and laboratory experiments laboratory experiments (observation of documentary (observation of documentary sources, test) and field sources, test) and field experiments, such as aloof experiments, such as aloof and covert surveillance, and and covert surveillance, and " included "observation - " included "observation - participation in the study.participation in the study.

The survey allows you to get as The survey allows you to get as factual information and data factual information and data evaluation, conducted orally or evaluation, conducted orally or in writing. When creating a in writing. When creating a questionnaire or interview is questionnaire or interview is important to formulate a plan important to formulate a plan question as to correspond to the question as to correspond to the aim pursued. Form may include aim pursued. Form may include multiple sets of questions related multiple sets of questions related not only to the level of frequency not only to the level of frequency of use of certain drugs, but also of use of certain drugs, but also by the object of study. by the object of study.

There are formal and informal There are formal and informal situations testing during provide situations testing during provide the first answers to stereotyped the first answers to stereotyped questions, the second conducted questions, the second conducted in the form of conversation on the in the form of conversation on the subject. The main thing is to subject. The main thing is to create an atmosphere of create an atmosphere of psychological comfort and psychological comfort and confidence. Testing, unlike other confidence. Testing, unlike other methods, you can identify methods, you can identify individual characteristics of the individual characteristics of the object of research.object of research.

The method of expert The method of expert estimations is used for estimations is used for variables of empirical data. A variables of empirical data. A survey of a panel (5-7 survey of a panel (5-7 people) to identify specific people) to identify specific variables that are needed to variables that are needed to evaluate the study question. evaluate the study question. Experts are selected on the Experts are selected on the basis of their formal basis of their formal professional status - professional status - position, degree, work position, degree, work experience and others.experience and others.

Correlation analysis - a procedure Correlation analysis - a procedure to study the correlation between to study the correlation between independent variables. The independent variables. The relationship between these values relationship between these values is in the mutual consistency of the is in the mutual consistency of the observed changes. Calculated the observed changes. Calculated the correlation coefficient. The higher correlation coefficient. The higher the correlation coefficient the correlation coefficient between two variables, the better between two variables, the better we can predict the value of one of we can predict the value of one of them by the value of others.them by the value of others.

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