lecture 4 literature reviews and conceptualizations
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 4: Literature Reviews
and Conceptualizations
Professor Mark Palmer
Queens University Belfast
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Lecture aimto provide students with an appreciation of thepractice of approaching the literature in relationto specific research areas and the abstraction ofconceptualization
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Learning outcomes Understand the purpose of a literature foundation
Understand how the approach the literature in
relation to specific research areas How to maximise the resources of the library to
gather literature effectively and efficiently
Appreciate how to organise relevant literature withpurpose
Develop an appreciation of the issue of plagiarism
and appropriate referencing will also be
considered.
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Learning outcomes (continued)
Introduce the main idea of conceptualization and
using the literature as a foundation practice
Develop an understanding of types of
conceptualization
Critically reflect on the issues of conceptualization
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Primacy ofTheory: Theory is the starting
point
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Exercise:
In pairs, discuss the following questions:
What is a theory?
Who creates a theory (ies)?
Is a theory always right? Do academics (your lecturers) always present
two/three schools of thought?
What are the 3 broad groupings of theories? List as many management/marketing theories as
you can.
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Lightening only strikes downwards!?
http://wvlightning.com/greentree.shtml -
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An exemplary case in point!!
Regional agglomeration or industrial clustering(Llobrera et al, 2000) Promoted by Michael Porter (industrial economist)
Every town/city region/ market/ country/ MUST have asilicon valley ignoring other sectors which create themost employment
Yet Harald Hotellings (1929) theory of minimumdifferentiation is overlooked (before Michael Porterwas born!)
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/9/9c/Ice_cream_van.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.answers.com/topic/ice-cream-van&h=228&w=350&sz=25&hl=en&start=19&um=1&tbnid=YGFbueM9jC5XyM:&tbnh=78&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3DIce%2BCream%2Bvans%2Bimages%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX -
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Finding theory in the Literature
Published accounts of research
A focused body of knowledge
The body of knowledge is stable and identifiable Often a series of ongoing debates about particular
issues or concepts
Sources of literature
Books
Peer reviewed academic journals
Conference proceedings
Professional and trade journals and magazines
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Edited Books
Parsons, E and Maclaran, P (2009) Contemporary Issues in
Marketing and Consumer Behaviour, Elsevier: London
Books can give a good
overview of the topic area.An introduction to
Mainstream literature
Can help to clarify research
objectives
Can be out of date but agreat starting point!
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Peer Reviewed (Refereed) JournalsOrganisationStudies (OS) publishes peer-reviewed, top quality theoretical and empirical
research with the aim of promoting the understanding of organizations
Published on a regular basis
Print or online resources Refereed journals ensure
quality
Need to distinguish between
academic and professional
journals Essential for dissertation
research
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Conference ProceedingsECKM 2010 (European Conference on Knowledge Management)
http://www.academic-conferences.org/eckm/eckm2010/eckm10-home.htm
Conferences are up to date work/thinking in the field
Key speakers
Contemporary issues and debates
Access to other resources networks
Others Academy of Marketing, European Academy of
Marketing, European Academy of Management, AmericanMarketin Association Academ of Mana ement.
http://www.academic-conferences.org/eckm/eckm2010/eckm10-home.htmhttp://www.academic-conferences.org/eckm/eckm2010/eckm10-home.htmhttp://www.academic-conferences.org/eckm/eckm2010/eckm10-home.htmhttp://www.academic-conferences.org/eckm/eckm2010/eckm10-home.htmhttp://www.academic-conferences.org/eckm/eckm2010/eckm10-home.htmhttp://www.academic-conferences.org/eckm/eckm2010/eckm10-home.htmhttp://www.academic-conferences.org/eckm/eckm2010/eckm10-home.htm -
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Finding the seminal thinker in the field
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Why is the literature important?
Background and context for the research
Identification of key theories and concepts
Mapping out the influential debates
Understanding the key concepts and their relevance toyour research
Identification of constructs
Development of frameworks/conceptualizations for yourresearch strategy and analysis of data. For example
Porters Five Forces models of competition
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Benefits of literature searching
Avoids wasting time and effort to discover something
that has already been thoroughly researched (Sekaran
2000)
Methods used by other researchers may be unsuitable
for your purposes, but they may give you ideas about
how you might categorise your data (Bell 1999)
The literature review will form the foundation on whichyour research is built.
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Literature searchingstarting out
The Bigger picture
Textbooks may provide a summarised introduction
Amazon - http://www.amazon.co.uk/
Drilling Down
Academic Journals
Research groups
Conference proceedings
http://www.amazon.co.uk/http://www.amazon.co.uk/ -
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Relevance trees (Saunders et al (2007)
Identify key search terms
Help focus the research question/objectives Help to establish priorities
Identify significant areas for investigation
A hierarchical construction which will also help toestablish the structure and direction of your
literature review
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Data Bases beyond google Google Scholar
EBSCO
ECONLIT Business Source Complete
Emerald
Proquest
Scopus
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Eg Some Organisations with reliable internationaldatasets
www.ESRC.ac.uk
www.IMF.org
Data.WorldBank.org
www.OECD.org/statistics
www.UN.org
These provide fast, comprehensive access to current global
commentary and developments,
Statistics can be located. Though these can be complex to
understand
Many web sites also offer ready analysis through Integrated data
visualisations etc
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Example in locating relevantquantitative data
Locate www.ESDS.ac.uk/international
free web-based access to regularly updatedinternational aggregate (macro) datasets
help for users in locating and acquiring internationalsurvey (micro) data from other archives
Follow links to Support. and thematic guide
Look up Financial Monetary Statistic guide and checkthe cross country comparability
http://www.esds.ac.uk/international/access/dataset_overview.asphttp://www.esds.ac.uk/international/access/micro.asphttp://www.esds.ac.uk/international/access/micro.asphttp://www.esds.ac.uk/international/access/dataset_overview.asp -
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Online Searching for literature
Defining your parameters
Language of the publication
Topic area of discussion
Business sector
Geographical area
Publication period
Literature type (eg refereed journals)
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Using databases
Advanced -v- basic search
What key terms will you use?
Boolean logic
Which default field will you use?
Specific
Title Subject terms
Abstract
All text
Wide
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Refine your search
Scholarly/peer reviewed journals for quality publications
Full text- Difficult to get hardcopy
Published date
Publication type
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Tutorial Activity- Literature Searching
The aim of this Activity is to give you an opportunity to extract
appropriate literature for your potential research project. You will need
to develop an appropriate search strategy and identify academic
material journal.
Tasks Identify an appropriate data base e.g Emerald, Business Source Complete
Use the advanced search facility
Develop your search terms
Think about how you can use the Boolean logic facility
Ask for peer Reviewed articles
Specify full text
Try using the different fields to see what impact it has on your hits
Use the citations facility to further develop your search
Identify a relevant interest group that organises a regular Conference
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A structure for your literature review Classic funnel
Start with large themes, narrow your focus down
Inverted funnel
Start with a narrow topic or theme and broaden it out
Time line
Track chronological development of an idea or the diffusion ofa practice
The argument tree
Core theme is a unifying line of argument, branches are eachmajor author; twigs and leaves other supporting evidence foreach branch
Combining distinct themes from different literatures
Linked themes
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Starting with a large theme that getsnarrower
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Broadening out from a narrow topic
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Tracking the chronological development ofan idea
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Example
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An argument tree
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Using themes from different literatures
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Linking themes from within managementliterature
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Reading
Selective readingjust reading
Jot down questions before reading read with an
agenda in mind
Active reading is done with a pencil
Speed reading making a mental map
Get writing! Jot down your ideas, underline words,
queries, assumptions that you question
Build summary tables of pertinent studies (e.g. year of
publication, main findings and conclusions, nature of the
dependent/independent variables)
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Get going! Start from day one.
Get startersrecent years have seen the
emergence of studies on???????(REF); And
???? (REF)
Variances in studies (contrasting, contradictory
findings etc)
Build tables on theoretical themes, findings and
methods
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Analytical reviews
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Identify key calls for papers
Identify special issues and call for papers themed
around your area.
Identify a seminal paper and author and researchhim/her comprehensively. E.g find CV. Professor
James D. Westphal, University of Michigan. Professor
Richard Whittington, University of Oxford.
Identify specific journals which undertake literature
reviews. E.g International Journal of Management
Reviews.
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Literature Review Journals
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Funnel into academic websitesinstitutional and personal
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Blooms Taxonomy
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6KnowDefineRepeatRecordRelateUnderline
UnderstandTranslate
Describe
RecogniseExplainExpressIdentifyLocate
ApplyInterpret
ApplyEmployDramatisePractiseIllustrateOperateScheduleSketch
AnalyseDistinguish
AnalyseAppraise
CalculateCompareContrastInspectDebateQuestionCategoriseManage
SynthesiseComposePlanProposeDesignFormulate
ArrangeAssembleCollectCreateOrganisePrepare
EvaluateJudge
appraiseEvaluateRateCompareRevise
AssessEstimate
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Guidelines for good referencing
Reproduce the correct reference
Refer to the correct reference Do not use hollow referencing
Use reliable sources
Make clear which statements support the
reference
Do not copy someone elses references
Do not misrepresent the content of the
references
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Literature review
Developing a clear motivation
Gaps or flaws in prior research
Extends theory
Makes it explicit or connects it to another theoretical idea
Applies theory
But this contribution is much lower
Evidence of complexity
Synthesis of the literature
Not merely describing it
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Literature review
Constructs: building blocks of theory
Ambiguous and under developed definitions Underspecified
Unconvincing dominant logic
Industrial economic viewpoint and firm-centric
perspective Unexplained theoretical linkages
Conceptual models underspecified
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Constructs: Not all variables are easy to measure
For an interesting attempt to measure cause and effect try Mappiness,
a project run by the London School of Economics, which offers a phoneapp that prompts you to record your mood and situation.
The Mappiness website says: "We're particularly interested in how
people's happiness is affected by their local environment - air pollution,
noise, green spaces, and so on - which the data from Mappiness will be
absolutely great for investigating."
Why it's hard to measure happiness
The UK government wants to measure our happiness. It won't be easy,
Here's the easy way to do it. First, take a large, random sample of people and ask them a question
like: "When all's said and done, at the end of the day Brian, taking the rough with the smooth and allthat, rate your well-being on a scale of one to 10."
Constructs: Sales Orientation and
http://www.mappiness.org.uk/http://www.mappiness.org.uk/ -
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Constructs: Sales Orientation and
Customer Orientation Constructs
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Inductive, exploratory literature reviews Relatively little studies
Few definitions
Little, if any, measurement (New Scale Development)
At the mercy of the seminal papers in the field
Welcome initial conceptualizations
Desperately seeking new field legitimacy
An agenda and The agenda academic rivals ornemesis agenda setting
Problematic for hypothesis development (propositions)
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Examples of Literature Reviews
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Analytical devices to interrogate the emergingliterature
Meta questions that raised from the reflection
of the reflection
Narrative turns what is really significant and
meaningful in the literature?
What is implicit in the literature that you can
make explicit? What do you disagree with? Why?
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Deductive, mature literature reviews
Many established definitions constructs
A range of established measurement scalesdeveloped
Convergence in thinking Dependent and independent variables developed
Develop a table of the way that the variables havebeen used in previous studies
Rationale for chosen variables and their relationships
Misspecification of constructs wrongly treatingformative indicators as reflective
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A meta-analysis
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Conceptualization
Higher order thinking
Distinguish between frameworks and testable
models
Derived from the literature or from empirical data
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Conceptualization (Flow)
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Example of disentangling concepts
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Reconnecting concepts barriers and motives
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A meta-analysis
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SuccessionChasm
Transfer ofUndertakings
Many
Micros
?
Valuable familyBusinesses,Exit etc
Start-up GrowthHigh flyers- IPO etcEstablished
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Conceptualizing from the literature- no data
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Inductive Data Conceptualizations
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Conceptualizing after the literature review
Conceptual Rigour and Relevance tyranny of
the or
Consideration and treatment of the relevant literature concepts and ideas
Attention to definitional issues precision and clarity
of conceptual definitions
Use of evidence to support position conceptualreasoning underlying conceptual model and
propositions and hypotheses
Objectivity in the treatment of complementing and
competing perspectives
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Deductive conceptualizations
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Deductive conceptualizations
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Deductive, mature literature reviews
Hypotheses (sometimes written as predictions)
Theoretical based
Unconnected to theory and model
Tautological, non-directional and overly broad or
narrow
Hypotheses not a cohesive set
Each hypothesis must have a strong theoretical
rationale
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Facets of relevance
Direct and indirect relevance ServQual
Parasuraman, Berry and Zeithaml, 1988; Markor
Kohli, Jaworski and Kumur, 1993)
Latent relevance (tea bag in hot water effect)
Serendipitous relevance (ex ante and ex post)
First Order and Second Order
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Conceptualizing after the empirical data
collection Hard interpretatism
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Conceptualizing after the empirical data collection Hard
interpretatism, developing propositions
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Conceptualizing after the empirical data collection,
developing testable models
Abduction
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Abduction
Combining induction and deduction
Refining conceptualization after the data
collection
Conceptual map
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Conceptual map
Levers of control
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Levers of control
Diagnostic control systems critical success
factors are communicated and monitored.
Beliefs systems are used to enhance core
values related to marketstrategy and to inspire
search for new opportunities in line with thesevalues.
Interactive control systems are used to
discuss strategic uncertainties and to learn novel
strategic responses to a changing environment
Boundary systemsreduce risks by setting
limits to strategically undesirable behaviours.
Normative conceptualization
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Normative conceptualization
Tables as conceptualization
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Tables as conceptualization
Institutionalisingcontrol
Conceptualization as a spiral
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Conceptualization as a spiral
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Conceptualization as cyclical
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Issues in conceptualization
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Further reading
Buschman, J., Warner, D. A. 2005. Researching and Shaping InformationLiteracy Initiatives in Relation to the Web: Some Framework Problems andNeeds', The Journal of Academic Librarianship Volume 31, Issue 1 , Pages12-18.
Bell J (1999) Doing your research project (3rd
Edn) Buckingham:Oxford UnivPress
Bryman A and Bell E (2003) Business Research Methods New York:OxfordUniv Press
Easterby-Smith M et al(2002) Management Research: An IntroductionLondon:Sage Publications
Saunders M. et al (2009) Research Methods for Business Students, (Edn
4) Harlow, Prentice Hall Sekaran V (2000) Research Methods for Business: A skills building
approach (3rd Edn) New York:Wiley
Reflection Questions
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Reflection Questions
What is the objective in researching theliterature?
What should the literature chapter look like?
How do I conduct an analytical, rather than adescriptive, literature review?
Reflection Question
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Reflection Question
Are there any parts of the lecture you would likeme to say a bit more about?
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Further Reading Whetten, D. 1989. What constitutes a theoretical contribution?Academy of Management Review, 4: 490-495. Bacharach, S. 1989. Organizational theories: Some criteria for evaluation.Academy of Management Review, 14:
496-515.
Sutton, R. & Staw, B. 1995. What theory is not.Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 371-384.
Weick, K. 1995. What theory is not, theorizing is.Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 385-390.
Van de Ven, A. 1989. Nothing is quite so practical as a good theory.Academy of Management Review, 14: 486-
489.
Ferraro, F., Pfeffer, J. & Sutton, R. 2005. Economics language and assumptions: How theories can become self-
fulfilling.Academy of Management Review, 30: 8-24.
Hambrick, D. 2007. The field of managements devotion to theory: Too much of a good thing?Academy of
Management Journal, 50: 1346-1352.
Helfat, C. 2007. Stylized facts, empirical research and theory development in management. Strategic
Organization, 5: 185-192.
Weick, K. 1989. Theory construction as disciplined imagination.Academy of Management Review, 14: 516-531.
Eisenhardt, K. 1989. Building theories from case study research.Academy of Management Review, 14: 532-550.
Poole, M. & Van de Ven, A. 1989. Using paradox to build management and organization theories.Academy of
Management Review, 14: 562-578.
Whetten, D., Felin, T. & King, B. 2009. The practice of theory borrowing in organizational studies: Current issues
and future directions. Journal of Management, 35: 537-563.