lecture 35 ppts.ppt

8/18/2019 Lecture 35 ppts.ppt

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Recap

• Theories of intelligence• Measurement of intelligence

• History of the measurement of intelligence• The concept of intelligence quotient or IQ• IQ tests

• Alternative formulations


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Psychopathology

• Psychological illness, psychologicaldisorders,or mental illness.

• The term is used to describe abnormal behavior.


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Psychopathology•

Psychopathology is the area of study inpsychology that primarily focuses upon theorigin, development and manifestation of

ehavioral and mental disorders!• A normal psychology is that ranch of

psychology that studies, descri es, e"plains,and identifies a normal ehavior!


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•The observable behavior and mental experiences ofan individual may be indicative of a mental or

psychological disorder. The overt behavior and otherexperiences provide cues to the development ofmental or psychological disorders..

•Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists treat mentaldisorders.

•Besides, they are also interested in studying and

conducting research on the nature and role of theevents that cause these disorders e.g. past history of aperson and other variables that contribute to mentalillness


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Historical Perspective ofPsychopathology

• Human life e"isted, presuma ly, on eartheven more than three million years ago, utthe records of only fe# thousand years areavaila le to us!

• $ne of the earliest traces in history, a out thetreatment of mental disorders date ac% tothe stone age that #as more than half amillion years ago!


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• Headaches, convulsive attacks, and other brainrelated problems were treated with stone

instruments in which a hole was made in the skullof about cm. This process was called !trephining".

• #vidence is available that trephining was performed even $%%% to &%%% years ago.

• 't is believed that the stone age people used to perform this procedure.


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•The ancient explanations centered around thesupernatural(gods,evil spirits,demons etc. 't wasthought that the supernatural forces caused strange andtroubled behaviors, as they resided within the body ofthe person.


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In the ancient societies theinfluence of evil spirits #as the main

focus&• Herodotus, the ancient 'ree% historian,

#rote a out a %ing #ho #as driven insaney evil spirits!

• According to the legend of Hercules, he

%illed his o#n children ecause evil spiritsdrove him mad!


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• ne of the most primitive ways of treatingabnormality, and freeing the person of the !evil"

possession was the use of ! exorcism".• -arious techni ues were used for casting the evil

spirits out of the body of the afflicted person/these included black magic, noisemaking, prayer,and the use of potions.

• 'n extreme case flogging and burning the patient

were also used.


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• This treatment were done by the ! 0haman or the

medicine man", who was regarded a very special person possessing unusual healing powers.

• 'n #gypt and *reece, the tasks of treating the ill

were eventually taken over by the priests .• These priests were a combination of a priest,

physician, psychologist and a magician.

• The cure however still depended on magic.


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• But not all ancient thinkers believed in thisapproach.

• 'n the *olden 1ge of *reece, temples forhealing the ill were maintained.

• This was like a revolution that took place at a

time when knowledge about human anatomyand physiology was very limited, andinsufficient.

• 2uring that time, Hippocrates, ! the father ofmodern medicine", made his contributions invarious fields.


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Hippocrates

• (elieved in the rational %no#ledge forunderstanding and treating the psychologicaldisorders and denied the interventions that #ereused at that time for treating the a normal!

• He that all illnesses, including mental disorders,had a natural cause and required naturaltreatments for curing the patient!

• He maintained that rain is the central organ forall activities including the intellectual a ilities andthat disorders are the result of rain pathology!


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• He also believed that abnormality was caused bythe imbalances of some humors or li uids within

the body of a person.• He gave theory of ! humors" that account for the

basic human activity. He was of the view that the perfect health is the result of the proportionatemixture of these humors


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• 3aintained that four humors led to fourtemperaments forming one4s personality. thetemperaments were(

a5 0anguine6+heerful and 1ctive5

b5 3elancholic60ad5

c5 +holeric61ngry and 1ggressive5

d5 Phlegmatic6+alm and Passive5

Hippocrates maintained that epilepsy is caused byinsufficient air carried by the veins to the brainand limbs.


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)ocrates• *or him, soul is most important it should e properly

loo%ed after!• It is not +ust one faculty or any particular material

entity rather it is a road area comprising intelligenceand character, or man-s conscious personality!

• He maintained that thought and reasoning are theuilding loc%s of personal #orth and happy life!

• It can e concluded that pro lems #ith the soul led toa normal ehavior!


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Plato

• (elieved in the humane treatment of mentallyill patients• He #as of the vie# that disorders developed

#hen the conflict arises et#een emotionsand reason• (ut despite having modern thoughts, he still

elieved that mental disorders #ere partlytreated y the divine po#ers too!


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Aristotle

• He mainly follo#ed Hippocrates- theory ofmental disorders!

• 'ave different ideas a out many emotionalstates such as anger, fear, envy, hatred,courage etc!


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Asclepiades

• *irst ever to distinguish et#een the acuteand chronic mental disorders

• Also differentiated et#een delusions,hallucination and illusions!

• The movement of atoms in the ody causeddisease!

• He advocated the practice of aths, dieting,e"ercise, and massage for curing disease!


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'alen

• Most outstanding physician of antiquityafter Hippocrates!

• Influential contri utions #ere made y himregarding the anatomy and nervous systemof human eings as dissections #ere eingperformed y him on animals!


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The follo#ing many centuries

did not see a ma+orrea%through regarding theunderstanding and treatment of

a normality!


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In the Middle Ages

• In the middle ages of .urope, religious thought,dominated the understanding and treatment ofmental disorders!

• This period lasted from the fall of the Roman.mpire in / th century A0 till the 1/ th century!• It #as thought that the mentally ill #ere

possessed y demons or the devil!

• They #ere accused of eing #itches #ho couldinfect others #ith madness!


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As a result

• The mentally ill #ere treated not humanely ut#ith religious inquisition and ar aric treatment!

• Ho#ever many thin%ers even at that time

elieved that mental disorders did have aphysical cause!

• They elieved that the im alance in the fourasic humors, grief, and poor diet caused such

illnesses!


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In the Islamic 2orld

• The mentally ill #ere treated humanely even atthat time!

• Asylums #ere made for the mentally ill! special aths, diet, medication, music,and pleasant

environment #ere provided to the patients!

)uch asylums egan in 3th

century A0!the first one #as esta lished in (aghdad, and #asfollo#ed y others in 4airo, 0amascus and *e5!


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In .urope

• The mentally ill under#ent inhuman treatmentfor long!

• The situation prevailed even in the 16 th and 13 th

century A0!• They #ere either left to #ander in #ilderness, or%ept isolated in institutions!

• Many hospitals in (ritain, *rance and Italy

ecame notorious for their callous #ay oftreating the mentally ill!


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0evelopments in 16 th and 13 th 4enturies

• The period of 16 th century is regarded as the8 age of reason9, and that of 13 th century as

the 8 age of enlightenment9!• 'reat changes as #ell as discoveries #ere

made at that time in a num er of fields

including psychology

* 5 * i d i h A t M


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*ran5 *riedrich Anton Mesmer: 16;

• Mesmer proposed that a po#er similar tomagnetism e"isted in humans!

• This, animal magnetism, e"ercised a po#erfulinfluence on our ody!

• He asserted that animal magnetism had amedicinal value!• He elieved that mental illnesses can e cured

y maintaining and alancing the magneticfield!

• He #as of the vie# that hand movements andtheir magnetic force #ere enough to producedramatic changes in the ill persons!


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The ma+or rea%through too%

place in the later half of the13 th century


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Philippe Pinel& :16

• His contri utions egan #ith the revolutionarychanges at the 7a (icetre hospital in Paris !

• (elieved that a normal ehavior is caused y somehereditary defects or nervous system defects!

• He #as of the vie# that mental patients should etreated #ith great care as he severely condemnedchaining and shac%ling of the mentally ill!

• 0ue to his efforts, 7a (icetre and )alpetrierehospitals #ere regarded as the first modernhospitals for caring and curing the insane!


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Pinel 'ave the 4oncept ofMoral Treatment

• He said that the mental patients shoulde treated #ith %indness and sensitivity!

• 4ruelty and violence #ere discouragedand for idden!


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2illiam Tu%e

• .sta lished the or% Retreat in rural.ngland in 16B@!

• Here, mental patients #ere providedcompassionate treatment!

• This retreat ecame a model for others tofollo#!


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2ilhelm 'riesinger&:1316=13@3>

• (elieved that the est #ay to understandmental disorders is to assume that they arecaused y rain pathology!

• *irmly elieved on the organic origin of mentaldisorders rather than the psychological ones!


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Craepelin& :13/@=1B?@>

• Pu lished the first system of classification ofmental diseases!

• This system could help to la el different

disorders as psychosis and neurosis!• Craepelin clearly differentiated et#een

Ddementia praeco"- : no# %no#n asschi5ophrenia> and Ddepressive psychosis-severe mental disorders!

• These severe disorders #ere thought to edeveloped out of the organic reasons!


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Eean M! 4harcot& : 13?/= 13B;>

• *rench neurologist!• 4harcot #as most interested in o serving

and treating hysterical patients!• He noticed that these patients had strange

eliefs a out their o#n odily functions!•

He developed techniques for treatinghysterical patients as #ell as also eing a leto induce hysterical symptoms in normalindividuals


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0.*IFIF' A(F$RMA7IT


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0efinitions of A normal(ehavior

• 1! Statistical definition: • People deviating from the norm are considered

8a normal9!


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•B7T what if ma8ority of people indulge intoerratic behavior9

•:hat about the creative artists who did not goalong the norm9


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?! A normality As 0eviation*rom the 8Ideal9

• Ideal refers to the standard to#ard #hich mostpeople strive!

• A normality is not striving to#ard the ideal!

• ( T #hat a out those for #hom the Dideal- is notthe Dideal-G

• *or e"ample a student #ho is a very goodpainter and does not #ant to pursueconventional education!

lecture 35 ppts.ppt

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