lecture 28: impacts on the world order: welcoming the non-state actors
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Lecture 28: Impacts on the World Order: Welcoming the Non-state Actors. 28 th April 2003 (Monday). Question of Week 4: Why was 911 so Special?. George W Bush: “ A Threat with No Precedent ”… Actor Event Venue Tool Timing The Actor – Non-state Actors!!. Structure of Lecture 28: . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Lecture 28: Impacts on the
World Order:Welcoming the
Non-state Actors
28th April 2003 (Monday)
Question of Week 4:Why was 911 so Special?
George W Bush: “A Threat with No Precedent”…
Actor Event Venue Tool
Timing
The Actor – Non-state Actors!!
Structure of Lecture 28:
Definition of Non-state Actors Organizational Structure of Al-Qa
eda Concept of the 2-dimensional (2D)
World Concept of the 3-dimensional (3D)
World Conclusion –
Post-911 as a Systematic Fight Back from the State Actors?
PART IDefinition of Non-state Actors
Trans-nationalism
State Actors and NationalismVs Non-state Actors and Trans-nationalism
Goals of Trans-nationalist Organizations: Beyond the Sole Interests of ONE State Common Interests of Many States (e.g. Pan-Slavism) Common Interests of Many People, but against the Sole I
nterests of States (e.g. Environmentalism) Membership: Trans-nationalistic Quasi-state Structural Organization (refer to Part II)
“Legitimate” Non-state Actors
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
Established 1991 50 “Non-state” Members,
Representing 100million People http://www.unpo.org/
Kurdistan
East Turkestan
Aboriginals in Australia
Tibet Taiwan
NSAs Vs NGOs
Non-state Actors “Legitimate” NSA: Unrepresented Nat
ions and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
“Illegitimate” NSA: Al-Qaeda Non-governmental Organizations
NGO Research Center at Tsinghua University
Green Peace, Oxfam, Friends of the Earth…
Illegitimate NSA: Transfiguration
NSA: the Ability of “Transfiguration” into States Part of Al-Qaeda Afghanista
n (as a “cell”) Part of Al-Qaeda Remains a “T
errorist” Umbrella Organization Taliban “Transformed” Back int
o Al-Qaeda Green Peace can’t Replace th
e US Government!
PART IIOrganizational Structure of
Al-Qaeda
Nature of Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda = the “Base” … of what? Decentralized, Loose Connection of “Cells” Founding Members:
Former Mujahedeen Fighters in Afghanistan + “Arab Afghans” (Middle Eastern Supporters of
Mujahedeens) New Members:
Anti-state Advocators Around the World (for various reasons)
Leadership Structure of Al-Qaeda
Supreme Leader: Osama Bin Laden
Vice-Leader: Ayman al-Zawahiri Former Leader of Muslim
Brotherhoods of Egypt Military Commander:
Mohammed Atef Police Leader in Egypt
Diplomatic Capabilities
“Untraditional” Alliance with NSAs/ NGOs Abu Sayyaf (Moro Islamic
Liberation Front) of the Philippines Jemaah Islamiah (JI) of Indonesia
“Traditional” Alliance with States Cooperation with Afghanistan and
Sudan “Understanding” with KSA, UAE an
d Pakistan Practice of the Financial World:
“Merge” with Muslim Brotherhoods of Egypt
“Split” into Regional Groups in Kenya and Tanzania
Financial Capabilities (I)
William Wechsler: “Strangling the Hydra – Targeting Al Qaeda’s Finances”
The Ways to Make Money: Legal Business and Investment (~
National Financial Investment Scheme)
Criminal Schemes (e.g. Opium) Direct Donations (~ “Direct Tax”) Indirect Donations (~ “Indirect Tax
”)
Financial Capabilities (II)
How to Generate Cash Flow? Cash Smuggling Formal Banking System (Bank
Havens) Underground Banking System
(hawala) Concept of “National Reserv
e”? Balance Budget!
Propaganda Capability
“Partnership” with Qatar Gulf TV (Al-Jazeera) 35 million Viewers in the Middle East Osama Bin Laden’s Friendship with TV P
roducers? Two-front Propaganda War:
Historicism of its Image Modernism of its Applicability and Techni
que Iraqi Partnership with CNN in Gulf W
ar (1990) CNN Accused of “Being Used” by Sadda
m Hussein for First-handed News Reports?!
Assigned Readings
Main Text: William Wechsler: “Strangling the
Hydra – Targeting Al Qaeda’s Finances” (H&R P.129-143)
Supplementary Text: Louise Richardson: “Terrorists as
Transnational Actors.” Taylor, Max and Horgan, John. Ed. The Future of Terrorism. London: Frank Cass, 2000. P.200-219.
PART III Concept of the
2-dimensional (2D) World
What is 2D??
2-Dimensional World System: Horizontal Relationship “The States said it all” No Upper Authority Higher
than the States No Lower Voluntary
Movements across the States
e.g. RISK
The Westphalian World System Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
The First European “World War” Holy Roman Empire, France, Sweden,
Denmark, Spain Battleground: Modern Germany
Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Signed by All Major States at the time Settled State Borders Decline of Feudalism and the
Influence of Church over Internal Affairs of States
Rise of Absolutism & Nationalism within the States
State > Non-state Actors, why??ROUND I – Fight!
Better Protection over Citizens Better Esprit de corps during the
Time of Great Discovery, Revolution and Scientific Evolution
Increased National Uniqueness: Language, Culture, Religions…
The Rule of Reasons: Nationalism/ Machiavellianism > Philosophy/ Theology …
Horizontal Relationship:The Rule of Realism
International Relations Theories: Realism (Hans Morgenthau) Neo-Realism (Kenneth Waltz) Classicism/ Marxism/ Statism/ Ge
nder Studies/ Bureaucratism… Realism: State Actions Governed by
Interest Maximization Neo-Realism: State Actions Govern
ed by Security Maximization Focus: Geo-politics/ Oceanic-politic
s
PART IV Concept of the
3-dimensional (3D) World
What is 3D?? 3-Dimensional World System:
Vertical Relationship The States can’t say it all Upper Authority Higher than the States Lower Voluntary Movements Across th
e States e.g. Romance of the Three Kingdo
ms VIII – The Concept of Exiled Army NOT Roman of the Three Kingdoms IX
– why?
Pre-Modern 3D World System
Barbarians Overthrew the Roman Empire with Limited St
ate Efforts Medieval Church
The Order of Crusades by Pope Urban II (1095)
Feudalism Holy Roman Empire as a Loose Confederati
on of Feudal States Mercantile Armies
Army Paid in Money to Fight for Sparsely-populated States
The “Post-Westphalian” World System after 911……
911: Interaction of State Actors + Non-state Actors
Horizontal Relations + Vertical Relations Three-dimensional (3D) World
Decline of National Authority over its own Land (“Homeland”) and People
Rise of Voluntarism of People over their Countries
Fundamental Conflicts between State and Non-state Actors
Non-state Actors > State Actors, Why??
ROUND II, FIGHT!
Era of Globalization Technological Proliferation (e.g.
Easy Access to “Mass Destruction Weapons”)
Increased Horizontal Mobility of People Around the World Decreased Conscious of
Nationalism Increased Concern over the
Future of Human Beings on a Whole
“Saturation” of State Development
Impossibility of Any Sort of State to Take Care of People with Trans-national Interests
Increased Burden of States Hinder their Ability to Carry out
Alternative Political Goals e.g. Welfare States Vs Cultural
Development e.g. Industrial Development Vs
Environmentalism
Vertical + Horizontal Relationship:The New Rule of the World?
Horizontal Rule of Neo-Realism still Dominates the States
Vertical Rules of Non-state Actors: To Advance its Ideological Goa
ls (e.g. Anti-capitalism/ Environmentalism)
By Whatever Means (from Peace to Terror)
No Realism at all Unpredictable by the States
New Rule of the States in the 3D World
“Pre-emptive Realism” Bush Doctrine II (Turbo) State Actions Governed by Maximization of S
ecurity through Overtaking the Non-state Actors Pre-emptively
Focus: Virtual-politics + Sub-conscious-politics National Boundary No Longer Important Enemies are Perceived in the Virtual Commu
nity + Sub-consciousness
A Wiser Doctrine of Bush…
“Al-Qaeda is to terror what the Mafia is to crime.
But its goal is not making money;
its goal is remaking the world.”
– George W Bush
Conclusion – Post-911 as a
Systematic Fight Back from the State Actors?
Reassessing the Anti-Terror Coalition
Why did Virtually Almost All States Join the Anti-Terror Coalition? Why did Libya Support USA? In Support of USA Vs Afghanistan? A Concerted Effort of the States Vs Non-state
Actors?
Reassessing the List of “Foreign Terrorist Organizations” By US Office of Counterterrorism (Aug 2002) “Terrorism”: against the people, or against the
very identity of the states? The Black-list of the World of States?
Current Condition of Non-state Actors
With the Existing Advantages of NSAs Over its Sluggish Adva
ncement in the Past Centuries
With the Mutual-understanding of States of the World To Suppress the Over-
development of NSAs
Future of Non-state Actors (I)
Possibility #1: Rule of NSAs No States are Able to Counter-balance the US Hegemony But the people Within the States are Discontent towards the Heg
emony State-actors are Hopeless to Help them Rise of NSAs
Possibility #2: Deaths of NSAs All States and People are Happy to be Ruled by a Single Hegemon,
with the Same Set of Identity, Culture and Economy People are Subordinate to their States States are Subordinate to the Hegemony NSAs = Irrelevant, with Few Support from People
Future of Non-state Actors (II)
Possibility #3: “Balance of Power” States are Inter-balancing Against One
Another Different States Need Assistance fr
om Different NSAs States (as a group) also Balance Ag
ainst the NSAs (as another group) The World System is Inter-balancin
g Between Different States, as well as Between State-actors and Non-state Actors
~~The End~~
Thank you for attending