lecture 23 slides (powerpoint version)
TRANSCRIPT
Lab 23: Identification of Unknowns, Day 4
May 5, 2010
Read the results of your tests.
For SIM and MR-VP tests, you need to do additional steps; decide at your table who will do the controls.
Use the grid to figure out which species you have!
Lecture 23: Applications of Immunology
May 5, 2010
Today we will cover how the principles of specific immunity can help us:
• Prevent
• Treat
• and Diagnose disease
(Vaccines, passive immunization)
(Antivenins, antibody therapy)
(Fluorescent cell labeling; many other techniques next week)
Edward Jenner rubbing material from a cowpox blister into a boy’s arm
Types of vaccines
• Whole vaccines include – live vaccines (also called attenuated)– inactivated vaccines
• Other (non-whole) vaccines include– Subunit vaccines– Toxoid vaccines – DNA vaccine
What is a vaccine?
A suspension of an organism or virus
Or
that is used to induce immunity
Inactivated vs. live vaccines
How can a pathogen be attenuated?
Sabin polio vaccine: derived from passaging in monkey cells
How can a pathogen be attenuated?
Maurice Hilleman collected mumps virus from his daughter(1963)
The virus was grown in chick embryos and then in cultured chicken cells
Now it’s used in the mumps vaccine!
How can a pathogen be attenuated?
Manipulation of the pathogen’s genome using recombinant DNA technology
Summary—whole vaccines
Subunit vaccines
Made from parts of the pathogen instead of the whole thing
Another way to make a subunit vaccine
Genetic engineering – getting yeast, bacteria, or human cells to produce large quantities of antigen
Hepatitis B vaccineExample:
DNA vaccines
Shigella-based Delivery System for DNA vaccines (experimental)
•Shigella can enter cells without phagocytosis•Directs plasmids to cytoplasm (with inserted genes)•Provides immunity to expressed antigens
Immune responses are faster and stronger the second time around
Passive immunity
Horse serum: a source of antibodies to treat snake bites, spider bites,
botulism, etc.
How to make polyclonal antibodies
How to make monoclonal antibodies
Fluorescent antibody staining
Yersinia pestis (plague)Giardia lamblia
Orange: fluorescent antibody to Salmonella
Green: counterstain
Yellow: Pneumocystis cariniiRed: counterstain