lecture 20: comparative anatomy what do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as all...
TRANSCRIPT
Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy
What do animals do to survive?
have are carry out
with such as
All Animals
Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction
Eukaryoticcells Heterotrophs Essential
functions
No cell walls
Invertebrates can either have intracellular or extracellular
digestion:
Intracellular meaning that food is digested within each
individual cell of the organism.
Examples: Sponges
Extracellular means that digestion occurs inside a
digestive tract or cavity, then absorbed into the body.
Examples: mollusks, chordates, arthropods,
echinoderms
Invertebrate feeding and digestion:
Section 29-2
Arthropoda
Annelida
Flatworm
Coelenterata
Mouth/anus
Mouth/anusMouth
Mouth
Gastrovascularcavity
Gastrovascularcavity
Pharynx
Pharynx
PharynxCrop
Crop
Gizzard
Intestine
Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Anus
Stomachand
digestive glands
Invertebrate digestive systems:
The digestive systems of many vertebrates have
organs that are well adapted for different feeding
habits.
Carnivores, such as sharks have short digestive tracts
that produce fast-acting digestive enzymes.
Herbivores have long intestines that have large
colonies of bacteria that help in digesting the
cellulose fibers in plant tissues.
Vertebrate digestive systems:
Section 33-3
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow
The Digestive Systems of Vertebrates
Aquatic invertebrates:Aquatic animals have natural moist respiratory surfaces. some
respire through diffusion through their skin and others use gills.
There are many different respiratory specialized
organs in terrestrial invertebrates. Spiders use parallel book lungs. Insects use openings called spiracles where air
enters the body and passes through tracheal tubes
for gas exchange. Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist
tissue and an extensive surface area of blood
vessels.
Terrestrial Invertebrates:
Respiration in animals:
Mollusk Insect
Spider
Gill
Siphons
Movement of water
Booklung
Airflow
Trachealtubes
Spiracles
Invertebrate respiratory systems:
Chordates have one of two basic structures for respiration:
• Gills – for aquatic chordates.
Example: fish and amphibians.
• Lungs - for terrestrial chordates.
Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Vertebrate respiratory systems:
Vertebrate Gills:Water flows through the mouth then
over the gills where oxygen is removed.Carbon dioxide and water are then
pumped out through the operculum.
Salamander Lizard PigeonPrimate
Nostrils, mouth, and throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sac
Vertebrate Lungs:
Open circulatory systems:
The blood is pumped through open cavities.This system is found in arthropods and mollusks.
A closed system forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body of the organism. Since the system is “closed” the blood never leaves the vessels.
This system is found in Annelids and chordates.
Closed circulatory systems:
Invertebrate circulatory system can range from a system where cells simply do diffusion to take in oxygen or systems with many hearts and even systems with one heart.
Invertebrate circulatory systems:
Section 29-2
Insect:Open Circulatory System
Annelid:Closed Circulatory System
Heartlikestructures
Bloodvessels
Heartlike structure
Small vessels in tissues
Bloodvessels
Hearts
Heart
Sinusesand organs
Invertebrate Circulatory Systems:
Vertebrate circulatory systems:
Chordate circulatory systems range from a single loop system (found in organisms with gills) to double loop systems.
Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-Loop Circulatory System
Fishes Most Reptiles Crocodilians, Birds, and Mammals
Aquatic Invertebrate excretion:Some aquatic invertebrates diffuse ammonia out their bodies into the
surrounding water where it is diluted and carried away.
Example: sponges, coelenterate, and some round worms.
Other aquatic invertebrates swell up with water, dilute the wastes
and excrete the wastes through tiny pores in their skin.
Terrestrial Invertebrate excretion:
Many terrestrial invertebrates convert ammonia into
urea.
Urea is a simpler nitrogenous compound that is
much less toxic than ammonia.
This urea is eliminated from the body in urine.
Section 29-2
Annelid
Arthropod
Flatworm
Malpighian tubules
Digestive tract
Nephridia
Excretory pore
Excretory tubule
Flame cell
Flame cells
Excretory tubules
Invertebrate Excretory Systems
Vertebrate Excretion:
Aquatic vertebrates kidneys
and rely on gill slits to release
excretory wastes into
surrounding water for dilution.
Terrestrial vertebrates rely on
the kidney’s to filter out the
ammonia and change it into
urea and send it to be released
in urine.
Nervous system
All animals respond to their environment through
specialized cells called nerve cells.
In most animals, nerve cells hook together to form
the nervous system.
Nervous systems can range from fairly simple to
extremely complex.
The arrangement of nerve cells from phylum to
phylum can be dramatically different.
Section 29-2
Ganglia
Ganglia
Brain
Brain
Arthropod
Mollusk
Flatworm
Invertebrate Nervous Systems
Vertebrate Nervous Systems