lecture 20: comparative anatomy what do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as all...

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Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? have are carry out with such as All Animals Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction Eukaryotic cells Heterotrophs Essential functions No cell walls

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Page 1: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy

What do animals do to survive?

have are carry out

with such as

All Animals

Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction

Eukaryoticcells Heterotrophs Essential

functions

No cell walls

Page 2: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Invertebrates can either have intracellular or extracellular

digestion:

Intracellular meaning that food is digested within each

individual cell of the organism.

Examples: Sponges

Extracellular means that digestion occurs inside a

digestive tract or cavity, then absorbed into the body.

Examples: mollusks, chordates, arthropods,

echinoderms

Invertebrate feeding and digestion:

Page 3: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Section 29-2

Arthropoda

Annelida

Flatworm

Coelenterata

Mouth/anus

Mouth/anusMouth

Mouth

Gastrovascularcavity

Gastrovascularcavity

Pharynx

Pharynx

PharynxCrop

Crop

Gizzard

Intestine

Intestine

Rectum

Anus

Anus

Stomachand

digestive glands

Invertebrate digestive systems:

Page 4: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

The digestive systems of many vertebrates have

organs that are well adapted for different feeding

habits.

Carnivores, such as sharks have short digestive tracts

that produce fast-acting digestive enzymes.

Herbivores have long intestines that have large

colonies of bacteria that help in digesting the

cellulose fibers in plant tissues.

Vertebrate digestive systems:

Page 5: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Section 33-3

Esophagus

Stomach

Intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Cloaca

Crop

Gizzard

Cecum

Rectum

Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow

The Digestive Systems of Vertebrates

Page 6: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Aquatic invertebrates:Aquatic animals have natural moist respiratory surfaces. some

respire through diffusion through their skin and others use gills.

There are many different respiratory specialized

organs in terrestrial invertebrates. Spiders use parallel book lungs. Insects use openings called spiracles where air

enters the body and passes through tracheal tubes

for gas exchange. Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist

tissue and an extensive surface area of blood

vessels.

Terrestrial Invertebrates:

Respiration in animals:

Page 7: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Mollusk Insect

Spider

Gill

Siphons

Movement of water

Booklung

Airflow

Trachealtubes

Spiracles

Invertebrate respiratory systems:

Page 8: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Chordates have one of two basic structures for respiration:

• Gills – for aquatic chordates.

Example: fish and amphibians.

• Lungs - for terrestrial chordates.

Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Vertebrate respiratory systems:

Page 9: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Vertebrate Gills:Water flows through the mouth then

over the gills where oxygen is removed.Carbon dioxide and water are then

pumped out through the operculum.

Salamander Lizard PigeonPrimate

Nostrils, mouth, and throat

Trachea

Lung

Air sac

Vertebrate Lungs:

Page 10: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Open circulatory systems:

The blood is pumped through open cavities.This system is found in arthropods and mollusks.

A closed system forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body of the organism. Since the system is “closed” the blood never leaves the vessels.

This system is found in Annelids and chordates.

Closed circulatory systems:

Invertebrate circulatory system can range from a system where cells simply do diffusion to take in oxygen or systems with many hearts and even systems with one heart.

Invertebrate circulatory systems:

Page 11: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Section 29-2

Insect:Open Circulatory System

Annelid:Closed Circulatory System

Heartlikestructures

Bloodvessels

Heartlike structure

Small vessels in tissues

Bloodvessels

Hearts

Heart

Sinusesand organs

Invertebrate Circulatory Systems:

Page 12: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Vertebrate circulatory systems:

Chordate circulatory systems range from a single loop system (found in organisms with gills) to double loop systems.

Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-Loop Circulatory System

Fishes Most Reptiles Crocodilians, Birds, and Mammals

Page 13: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Aquatic Invertebrate excretion:Some aquatic invertebrates diffuse ammonia out their bodies into the

surrounding water where it is diluted and carried away.

Example: sponges, coelenterate, and some round worms.

Other aquatic invertebrates swell up with water, dilute the wastes

and excrete the wastes through tiny pores in their skin.

Terrestrial Invertebrate excretion:

Many terrestrial invertebrates convert ammonia into

urea.

Urea is a simpler nitrogenous compound that is

much less toxic than ammonia.

This urea is eliminated from the body in urine.

Page 14: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Section 29-2

Annelid

Arthropod

Flatworm

Malpighian tubules

Digestive tract

Nephridia

Excretory pore

Excretory tubule

Flame cell

Flame cells

Excretory tubules

Invertebrate Excretory Systems

Page 15: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Vertebrate Excretion:

Aquatic vertebrates kidneys

and rely on gill slits to release

excretory wastes into

surrounding water for dilution.

Terrestrial vertebrates rely on

the kidney’s to filter out the

ammonia and change it into

urea and send it to be released

in urine.

Page 16: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Nervous system

All animals respond to their environment through

specialized cells called nerve cells.

In most animals, nerve cells hook together to form

the nervous system.

Nervous systems can range from fairly simple to

extremely complex.

The arrangement of nerve cells from phylum to

phylum can be dramatically different.

Page 17: Lecture 20: Comparative anatomy What do animals do to survive? havearecarry out withsuch as All Animals FeedingRespirationCirculationExcretionResponseMovementReproduction

Section 29-2

Ganglia

Ganglia

Brain

Brain

Arthropod

Mollusk

Flatworm

Invertebrate Nervous Systems

Vertebrate Nervous Systems