lecture 2 zoology
TRANSCRIPT
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LECTURE 2:PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT,ANIMALARCHITECTURE AND CLASSIFICATION
ZOO 2403: GENERALZOOLOGY
By: Miss Kasthuri Jewarethnam
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WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?
• Eac !"#$ %& %'(a)*+ a++#$c*-c &$a!.'$+:
• U)*/.$ c$+
• U)*/.$ !*++.$+• U)*/.$ a1a#!a!*%)+
• T$ +!.1" %& a)*a+ $(*)+*! a) .)1$'+!a)1*)( %&!$+$ &$a!.'$+
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ANIMAL ARCHITECTURE
• L$5$+ %& %'(a)*6a!*%) *) %'(a)*+a c%#$7*!"
• T$'$ a'$ 8 a9%' ('a1$+ %& %'(a)*6a!*%) $ac
$*)( %'$ c%#$7 !a) !$ #'$5*%.+
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Protoplasmic level: %cc.'+ *).)*c$.a' %'(a)*++ O'(a)$$+ *!*)!$ c$ ca''" %.! +#$c*a*6$1 &.)c!*%)+
P'%!%6%a)+ a'$ $7a#$+
• 2 Cellular level: C$+ a'$ a(('$(a!$1 a)1c$+ $)(a($ *) a 1*5*+*%) %& a%', $*)(
+#$c*a*6$1 &%' #a'!*c.a' !a+;+ E7a#$+:C%%)*a #'%!%6%a) ('%.#+
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• 3 Cell-tissue level: S**a' c$+ a(('$(a!$ *)!%#a!!$')+ %' a"$'+ &%'*)( !*++.$+ N$'5$ )$! *)C)*1a'*a)+
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• 4 Tissue-organ level: O'(a)+ a'$ a1$ .# %&%'$ !a) %)$ ;*)1 %& !*++.$ a)1 a5$ a+#$c*a*6$1 &.)c!*%)
• E7: Fa!%'+
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Flatworm (Turbellaria)
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• 8 Organ-system level: O'(a)+ %'; !%($!$' !%#$'&%' &.)c!*%)+ M%+! c%#$7 $5$ %&%'(a)*6a!*%)
• E7a#$+ %& %'(a) +"+!$+ *)c.1$ c*'c.a!%'",'$#'%1.c!*5$, 1*($+!*5$, '$+#*'a!%'" M%+! a)*a#"a $7**! !*+ $5$ %& %'(a)*6a!*%)
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ANIMAL SYMMETRY
• T$'$ a'$ !'$$ !"#$+ %& +"$!'"• S#$'*ca
• Ra1*a
• >*a!$'a
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ANIMAL SYMMETRY
• S#$'*ca +"$!'" %cc.'+ a*)" a%)(#'%!%6%a)+
• Ra1*a +"$!'" %cc.'+ a%)( !$
C)*1a'*a)+
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ANIMAL SYMMETRY
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A variety of descriptive terms are used to A variety of descriptive terms are used to
describe orientation in bilateral animals.describe orientation in bilateral animals.
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ANIMAL >ODY PLANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF >ODY PLANS
• A) a)*a+ %1" '$+.!+ &'% 1*5*+*%) %& c$+1.'*)( $'"%)*c 1$5$%#$)!
• D*@$'$)c$+ *) 1$5$%#$)!a #a!!$')+ a5$ $$).+$1 !% ca++*&" %'$ c%#$7 a)*a+ +% a).)1$'+!a)1*)( %& a+*c $'"%%(" *+ )$c$++a'"!% &%% !*+
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DEVELOPMENT OF >ODY PLANS
• E'"%%("
• Z"(%!$
• C$a5a($
• >%1" ca5*!*$+
• S$($)!a!*%)
• >%1" #a)+
• A)*a !*++.$+
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PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT
O)c$ a) $(( *+ &$'!**6$1 *! $c%$+ a zygote T*+ c$ 1*5*1$+ *)!% a a'($ ).$' %& c$+ca$1 blastomeres
2 C$a5a($ %& c$+ #'%c$$1+ .)!* a .*1B-$1%% a %& c$+ *+ &%'$1 T*+ *+ ablastula
3 I) .!*c$.a' a)*a+ %!$' !a) +#%)($+ !$a+!.a *)5a(*)a!$+ !% $(*) &%'*)( !$ &.!.'$(.! A! !*+ +!a($ !$ $'"% *+ a gastrula
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THE ZYGOTE
• T$ 6"(%!$ *+ a &$'!**6$1$((
• C%*)a!*%)+ %& !%1*@$'$)! ($)$!*c c%1$+
• I)c'$a+$+ 1*5$'+*!" a)1
ca)($+ %& +.'5*5a
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EM>RYONIC CLEAVAGE
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CLEAVAGE PATTERNS
• Bc$ +!a($• T% !*$'+ %& c$+
• T%# &%.' c$+ a" *('a!$
• Y$+ S#*'a c$a5a($• N% Ra1*a c$a5a($
• T$ +*#$ ac!*%) %& c$
*('a!*%) a+ a9%' *#ac!+%) a! ;*)1+ %& a)*a+!*+ $'"% $c%$+
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THE >LASTULA
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TISSUE MIGRATION
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THE GASTRULA
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PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT
4 T$ *)5a(*)a!*)( a"$' %& c$+ &%' a($' a"$' ca$1 !$ endoderm T$$)1%1$' +.''%.)1+ a)1 1$-)$+ a %1"
ca5*!" ca$1 !$ gastrocoel
8 T$ c$+ )%! *)5%5$1 *) &%'*)( !$
*)5a(*)a!*%) c%)+!*!.!$ a)%!$' ($'a"$' !$ ectoderm T$ $c!%1$'+.''%.)1+ a ca5*!" ca$1 !$ blastocoel
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PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT
W$) !$ *)5a(*)a!*)( (a+!'%c%$ &%'+ ac%#$!$ !.$ " &%'*)( a +$c%)1 %#$)*)( !%!$ %.!+*1$ *! *+ !$) ca$1 !$ gut
• I) !$ c)*1a'*a)+
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PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT
I) %+! a)*a+
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TISSUE DEVELOPMENT
• T$ 6"(%!$ 1*5*1$+, .)!* 1*@$'$)! a"$'+ %& c$+ &%'
• Eac a"$' a+ 1*@$'$)! $)5*'%)$)!a c%)1*!*%)+, a)1'$ac!+ 1*@$'$)!"
• Eac a"$' %& c$+ $c%$+ 1*@$'$)!*a!$1, *)!%1*@$'$)! !*++.$+• Ec!%1$'
• E7!$')a a"$' %& !*++.$+
• F%'+ )$'5%.+ +"+!$, !%%! $)a$, a)1 $#*1$'*+• E)1%1$'
• F%'+ c%.)a' c$+ *)*)( %& .!*#$ %'(a) +"+!$+
• M$+%1$'• F%'+ c%))$c!*5$ !*++.$, .+c$+, (%)a1+,
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TISSUE FORMATION
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>ODY CAVITY FORMATION
• M*('a!*%) %& a)*ac$+ $a1+ !% !$&%'a!*%) %&
1*@$'$)! !*++.$+
• F.'!$' *('a!*%)
a" $a1 !% !$&%'a!*%) %& a %1"ca5*!"
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PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT
• T$ a" *) *c !$ $+%1$' &%'+, a)1$!$' %' )%! a ca5*!"
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THE COELOME
• F.*1B-$1 ca5*!*$+ #'%5*1$ a "1'%+!a!*c +;$$!%)
• T.$B*!*)BaB!.$ *)c'$a+$+ $7***!" a)1+.'&ac$ a'$a
• T$ *)!$')a ca5*!" *+ c%#$!$" *)$1 *!
$+%1$'• F%'a!*%) %& $+$)!$'*$+
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COELOMS
• T'*#%a+!*c %'(a)*++
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ACOELOMATE
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PSEUDOCOELOMATE
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EUCOELOMATE
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ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION
• Ca++*-ca!*%) $(*)+ *! !*++.$+:
• N% !'.$ !*++.$+
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PROTOSTOMES ANDDEUTEROSTOMES
• W*!*) !$ $.c%%a!$+ !$'$ a'$ !% a9%'$5%.!*%)a'" *)$a($+ !a! +#*! $a'" *) !$*+!%'" %& a)*a+ a)1 &%% /.*!$ 1*@$'$)!1$5$%#$)!a #a!a"+
T$+$ a'$ !$ #'%!%+!%$+ %.! -'+! a)11$.!$'%+!%$+ %.! +$c%)1
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PROTOSTOMES ANDDEUTEROSTOMES
• P'%!%+!%$+ *)c.1$ !$ a))$*1+, %.+;+, a)1a'!'%#%1+
• D$.!$'%+!%$+ *)c.1$ !$ $c*)%1$'+ a)15$'!$'a!$+
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ANIMAL TISSUES
• Ma1$ &'% a)*a c$+, *c a'$ .)*/.$• E.;a'!"%!*c c$+• N% c$ a %' c%'%#a+!+• S!'*c!" $!$'%!'%#*c
• C%))$c!*5$ !*++.$• >*)1*)( a)1 +.##%'!*5$ &.)c!*%)
• M.+c.a' !*++.$
• R$+#%)+*$ &%' c%)!'ac!*%)+ a)1 %5$$)!
• N$'5%.+ !*++.$• T'a)+*!+ *)&%'a!*%)
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ANIMAL CELLS
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CELL STRUCTURE
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SIMPLE CELLS
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium
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STRATIFIED CELLS
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Loose Dense
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Cartilage
Bone
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Blood Cells
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MUSCLE TISSUE
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NERVOUS TISSUE