THE SHIPS

In our previous meeting, I was asking you to find out

about two important notions of sea transportation:

UKC ?

Draft or also called Draught ?

Share with us now, what they are!

In understanding the ship, our previous concepts of UKC or draft

are very crucial. They relate to the operational and environmental

safety.

UKC = Under Keel Clearance

Draft or also called Draught is related to depth level

Let’s have a look at them again briefly!

Please look at the illustration below.

What is the above ship draft?

More pictures on ship draught

Features

TWO main parts :

Hull – shell of the ship

Machinery – Engines & ancillary equipment.

Hull usually designed for a particular trade according to owner’s specification.

Engine room houses machinery required to drive the vessels, generators for lighting, refrigeration etc.

General factors influencing ship design, type & size:

Trade which ship is to operate

Building and operating cost Purpose of the ship:

•For what product?

•Tramp or liner?

•Own or to charter?

Ship design will focus on this areas:

1. Market conditions › How best to response to the changing needs.

› Raise standards & improve transit times.

› Proper interface between ship & berthing operation to speed turnaround time.

2. Improving onboard technology › Information & communication technology, EDI.

› INMARSAT ship navigation/communication technology

› Extend ship efficiency.

SHIP DESIGN

3. Ship safety › Consistent with efficiency & improved

technology.

› Govern by IMO, adopt convention to raise safety of ships at sea.

4. Larger vessels rather than additional sailings › As trade increases, ship-owners prefer larger

vessels than additional sailings.

› Resulting vessels with increased length, more decks.

No. Vessel Name Owner Built Length

(m) Beam

(m) Capacity

(TEU) GT Draft (m)

1 MSC Oscar MSC (Switzerland) 2015 395.4 59 19224 193000 ?

2 CSCL Globe CSCL (China) 2014 400 58.6 19100 187541 ?

3 Magleby Maersk Maersk (Denmark) 2013 398 58 18270 174500 ?

4 MSC Newyork MSC (Switzerland) 2014 399 54 18270 176490 ?

5 Madison Maersk Maersk (Denmark) 2013 398 58 18270 174500 ?

6 Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Maersk (Denmark) 2013 398 58 18270 174500 ?

7 Majestic Mærsk Maersk (Denmark) 2013 398 58 18270 174500 ?

8 Mary Mærsk Maersk (Denmark) 2013 398 58 18270 174500 ?

9 Marie Mærsk Maersk (Denmark) 2013 398 58 18270 174500 ?

10 CMA CGM Marco Polo CMA CGM (France)

2012 396 54 16020 175343 ?

11 CMA CGM Alexander von Humboldt

CMA CGM (France) 2013 396 54 16020 153022 ?

12 CMA CGM Jules Verne CMA CGM (France) 2013 396 54 16020 153022 ?

13 Emma Mærsk Maersk (Denmark) 2006 397.7 56.4 15500 151687 ?

Faster vessels of increased size, with improved machinery & handling equipment.

Better standard of accommodation for passengers & crews.

Further technology enhancement - more computerized techniques in all area.

FUTURE TRENDS IN SHIP DESIGN

Technology that is used in the shipping industry, some of them are:

Automation Identification System (AIS)

Vessel Traffic Service (VTS)

Global Marine Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)

World Wide Navigational Warning Service (WWNWS).

Vessels become more specialized (Purpose built).

Improved technique of cargo handling to reduce turnaround time

Form Form

Data Entry/ Output

Postal/

Fax

Data Entry/ Output

Computer

@ Ship

Computer

@ Seaport

Computer system at a ship Port computer system

Server

The Freedom Ship

The Street of Monaco Super Yacht

Yacht Island Design

Are they possible?

Are they possible?

Think of these:

Land price

Mobility

Leisure, 4 seasons?

New investment, blue ocean?

New challenges, ocean metropolitan?

Length - two types of vessel length: LOA: Length Overall

LWL: Length Water Line

Beam / Width – the.

Draft / Draught – the.

Bulbous Bow

Displacement weight - the actual total weight of the vessel: the volume of the hull below the waterline, by the specific gravity of the water.

Light ship weight – the actual weight of ship (with no fuel, passengers, cargo, water, etc. on board).

Deadweight tonnage (DWT) – Weight that the ship can actually carry. It includes the crew, passengers, cargo, fuel, water, and stores.

Displacement weight - is simply the total weight of the volume of water a ship “displaces” when it is sitting in the water.

Standard Displacement weight - is basically the same thing as “displacement tonnage” with one minor difference. When calculating standard displacement tonnage, you subtract the weight of any fuel and potable water carried on board the ship.

Deadweight Tonnage (DWT) - is the weight (in tons) of all the cargo, fuel, dry provisions, supplies, etc. carried on board the ship.

Lightweight Tonnage (LWT) - the weight of the ship when it was built in the shipyard including all framing, machinery, decking, etc. not include the weight of any consumable such as fuel, water, oil, or supplies.

Gross Tonnage (GT) – a unitless index related to a ship's overall internal volume

Gross Register Tonnage (GRT) – Volume of spaces in ship measures in cubic meters (m3)

Nett tonnage – Gross tonnage after deduction of bridge, engine room etc., leaving only spaces concerned with carrying of cargo.

Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) - is a measurement of volume of all enclosed spaces on a ship with 100 cubic feet = to one ton.

Net Registered Tonnage - is a measurement of volume however you only consider the volume of actual cargo storage areas when dividing the cubic volume in feet by 100 to get your “tonnage”. This includes any tanks, cargo holds, etc. that are normally used for transporting cargo.

Ships are classified base on the type of cargo a

vessel can carry.

1. General cargo ship Un-specialised vessels. “Take anything, go

anywhere”. Multi purpose.

Large open cargo carrying space, different decks for cargo segregation.

Have heavy lift derricks for handling cargo

Refrigerated general cargo ship

TYPE OF SHIPS

2. Bulk carriers Single deck vessels, transport single

commodity cargo (grain, sugar, ores, oil, chemical etc.)

Large hatch. Not carry special cargo handling equipment.

Cargo is simply poured, tipped or pumped into holds or tanks of the ship.

Can be categorized into Dry Bulk Carrier and wet bulk carrier and gas carriers.

TYPE OF SHIPS

3. Container ships Packing of cargo into uniformly sized boxes

for easy handling.

Ships are designed mainly for carriage of

containers.

Standard size – 20 Footer & 40 Footer

container.

4. Passenger ships Cruise and ferries

5. Ro-Ro vessel Main feature: door or ramps that allow

vehicle to roll on and roll off the vessel.

TYPE OF SHIPS

Merchant shipping may be divided into 2 categories of service:

1. LINER 2.TRAMP

Different in terms of service rendered, geographical area covered, the operating problems, relationship between vessel owner and vessel user, actual employment of the ship.

Introduction

Vessels play on regular scheduled services from & to designated ports.

Sail on schedule – full or not.

Punctuality sailing & arrival date is important, otherwise prestige will decline.

Strive to improve efficiency & overall transit times.

Big fleet size & fairly large shore establishment.

Introduction

Or known as general trading vessel.

Not operate on fixed schedule.

Trades in all part of the world, searching for cargo.

Purpose: to provide efficient, convenient & economical transportation required by the many kinds of goods needed for industrialized society.

Principal reasons for the existence of tramp services:

› Offers flexibility in adapting to unanticipated & major changes in pattern of shipping

› Provides low cost transportation to add value to product such as agriculture, forestry, mining & raw materials.

Business demands effected by seasonal market conditions.

Tramp companies are much smaller than liner.

1. Sailings

Regular & repeated from & to designated port.

Must conform to established schedules.

Frequency of sailings depends on amount of business available.

Liner Tramp

1. Sailings

Voyage or time charters and based on cargo

Each trip scheduled individually.

Could make repetitive voyages carrying same commodity

LINER vs. TRAMP

2. Common (Public) carrier

Required by law to accept,

without discrimination, any

legal cargo @ company.

Determine minimum

quantity of cargo which

must be presented by

shippers.

“Console” small shipment.

Liner Tramp

2. Contract (private) carrier

Carry full shipload.

Normally single commodity

in bulk.

One shipper @ many

shippers of the same kind

of cargo

LINER vs. TRAMP

3. Standard Contract

Uniform contract of carriage

or Bill of Lading.

Provision of contract apply

equally to all shippers,

regardless of size of

shipment @ commodities.

Acceptance of BOL – agree

to all terms & condition set

forth. No negotiation.

Liner Tramp

3. Negotiated contract

Negotiate separate contract

(Charter Party) for every

employment of vessels.

Rate depends on bargaining

abilities owner & charterer.

Terms of agreement only

apply on ship named in CP &

designated shipment only.

LINER vs. TRAMP

4. Freight Rates

Identical charges for all

shippers of the same item.

Vary from one sailing route to

another.

Rate compiled into detailed

listings (freight tariffs).

“Rate agreement” between

carriers to stabilize rate &

competition

Liner Tramp

4. Freight Rates

Fluctuate according to

supply of & demand for

ships.

Intense competition

between ships.

Voyage charter- rate base

on per ton cargo loaded.

Time charter- agreed sum

per day.

5. Services

Frequency, port of call, ship

capabilities are adjusted to

meet demand of shippers

Political, technology, economic

factors influenced changes in

service.

Withdrawal from route are

publicized in advance, to

maintain dependability.

Liner Tramp

5. Services

Service & rate are

determined by negotiations.

Suit requirement

contracting parties.

Regular & repeated voyage

on same route or

port are not

necessary.

LINER vs. TRAMP

6. Vessels

Complete line of vessels

Refrigerated, Ro-Ro, and

container ships are operated

on most routes.

Big in size & speed.

Liner Tramp

6. Vessels

Most tramp ships are

general purpose.

Moderate size & speed.

Carry bulk & assorted

general cargo.

7. Cargo Value

High value goods

Charged at higher freight rate.

7. Cargo value

Homogeneous cargo & low

intrinsic value.

Coal, grain, sugar, oil & gas

LINER vs. TRAMP

8. Organization

Large & complex.

Divisions by functions – traffic,

operations, finance & mgmt.

Main personal contact with

shippers.

Liner Tramp

8. Organization

Usually have small staffs

in home office, with little

divisions.

Employ agent to service

the ships in port of call &

are paid on a fee basis.

Send supervisory

personnel to oversee

functions of agents.

LINER vs. TRAMP

SHIPMENTS

OR

GOODS

Container Ship Liquid Bulk

LINER

Ro/Ro Dry Bulk

TRAMP

Unless and to the extent otherwise agreed by the Underwriters in

accordance with Clause 3 below, the vessel shall not enter, navigate or

remain in the areas specified below at any time or, where applicable,

between the dates specified below (both days inclusive):

Area 1 - Arctic North of 70°N. Lat.

Barents Sea.

except for calls at Kola Bay, Murmansk or any port or place in Norway, provided that

the vessel does not enter, navigate or remain north of 72°30’ N. Lat. or east of 35° E.

Long.

Area 2 – Northern Seas

White Sea.

Chukchi Sea.

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION

LIMITS

Area 3 - Baltic Gulf of Bothnia north of a line between Umea (63° 50’ N. Lat.) and Vasa (63° 06’ N.

Lat.) between 10th December and 25th May.

Where the vessel is equal to or less than 90,000 DWT, Gulf of Finland east of 28° 45’ E.

Long. between 15th December and 15th May.

Vessels greater than 90,000 DWT may not enter, navigate or remain in the Gulf of

Finland east of 28° 45’ E. Long. at any time.

Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland and adjacent waters north of 59° 24’ N. Lat. between 8th

January and 5th May, except for calls at Stockholm, Tallinn or Helsinki.

Gulf of Riga and adjacent waters east of 22° E. Long. and south of 59° N. Lat. between

28th December and 5th May.

Area 4 – Greenland

Greenland territorial waters.

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION

LIMITS

Area 5 - North America (east) North of 52° 10’ N. Lat. and between 50° W. Long. and 100° W. Long.

Gulf of St. Lawrence, St. Lawrence River and its tributaries (east of Les Escoumins), Strait

of Belle Isle (west of Belle Isle), Cabot Strait (west of a line between Cape Ray and Cape

North) and Strait of Canso (north of the Canso Causeway), between 21st December and 30th

April.

St. Lawrence River and its tributaries (west of Les Escoumins) between 1st December and

30th April.

St. Lawrence Seaway.

Great Lakes.

Area 6 – North America (west)

North of 54° 30’ N. Lat. and between 100° W. Long. and 170° W. Long.

Any port or place in the Queen Charlotte Islands or the Aleutian Islands.

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION

LIMITS

Area 7 - Southern Ocean South of 50°S. Lat. except within the triangular area formed by rhumb lines drawn between

the following points

50° S. Lat.; 50° W. Long.

57° S. Lat.; 67° 30’ W. Long.

50° S Lat.; 160° W. Long.

Area 8 – Kerguelen/Crozet

Territorial waters of Kerguelen Islands and Crozet Islands.

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION

LIMITS

Area 9 - East Asia Sea of Okhotsk north of 55° N. Lat. and east of 140° E. Long. between 1st November and 1st

June.

Sea of Okhotsk north of 53° N. Lat. and west of 140° E. Long. between 1st November and 1st

June.

East Asian waters north of 46°N. Lat. and west of the Kurile Islands and west of the

Kamchatka Peninsula between 1st December and 1st May.

Area 10 – Bering Sea

Bering Sea except on through voyages and provided that:

the vessel does not enter, navigate or remain north of 54° 30’ N. Lat.; and

the vessel enters and exits west of Buldir Island or through the Amchitka, Amukta or Unimak Passes; and

the vessel is equipped and properly fitted with two independent marine radar sets, a global positioning

system receiver (or Loran-C radio positioning receiver), a radio transceiver and GMDSS, a weather

facsimile recorder (or alternative equipment for the receipt of weather and routeing information) and a

gyrocompass, in each case to be fully operational and manned by qualified personnel; and

the vessel is in possession of appropriate navigational charts corrected up to date, sailing directions and

pilot books.

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION

LIMITS