lecture 2: introduction 1.1 where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 the amount of...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
216 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special?
1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth
1.3 Moisture in the tropics
1.4 Basic equations and scalings
![Page 2: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special?
Arbitrary definitions for where they are:
Geography: Tropics are the region of the earth bounded by the tropic of Cancer (23.5oN) and the tropic of Capricorn (23.5oS). These are the latitudes
where the sun reaches the zenith just once a year at the summer solstices.
Equal Halves: The region between 30N and 30S would divide the earth into two equal halves. Defined this way, the tropics would be the source of all the
angular momentum of the atmosphere and most of the heat. But this is not meteorologically sensible.
Processes: Riehl (1979) chose to define the “meteorological” tropics as those parts of the world where atmospheric processes differ significantly from
those in higher latitudes (see next slides).
Riehl (1979) Climate and Weather in the Tropics, Academic Press.
![Page 3: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Figure 1.1
![Page 4: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Land and ocean contrasts
Figure 1.2: Markedly non-uniform distribution of land and ocean areas in the tropics may be expected to have a large influence on the meteorology there
![Page 5: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Annual Mean Rainfall
Figure 1.3
![Page 6: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Mean Meridional Circulations
Figure 1.4
![Page 7: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth
Figure 1.6
Figure 1.5
Solar Radiation Received at TOA
Outgoing radiation
Solar absorbed
Northward transport of energyNorthward
transport by atmosphere
![Page 8: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Figure 1.7
1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth
![Page 9: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth
Figure 1.8(a)
![Page 10: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth
Figure 1.8(b)
![Page 11: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1.3 Moisture in the tropics
Figure 1.9
![Page 12: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Figure 1.10
1.3 Moisture in the tropics
![Page 13: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Figure 1.11
1.3 Moisture in the tropics
![Page 14: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1.3 Moisture in the tropics
Figure 1.12(b)
Figure 1.12(a)
![Page 15: LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Where are the tropics and what makes them special? 1.2 The amount of energy received by the earth 1.3 Moisture in the tropics](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d5d5503460f94a3b942/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1.4 Basic equations and scalings
0
x
fvDt
Du
0
y
fuDt
Dv
P
RT
p
0
pSy
Tv
x
Tu
t
TP
T
P
T
PC
RTS
pp
where
0
py
v
x
u
Adiabatic, Frictionless Equations in Pressure Coordinates