lecture 2 handouts

7/17/2019 Lecture 2 Handouts

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-2-handouts 1/7

Lecture 2: The Context of the Spanish American War and General AguinaldoStewart A. Young, Ph.D.History 166Philippine History

American Interests in Cuba

•US was interested in annexing Cua sin!e the days o" #e$erson%spresiden!y &early 1'((s)•A US atte*pt to uy Cua was proposed in 1'+ ut was re-e!ted ySpain•President Pol o$ered to uy Cua "or /1 0illion in 1'' ut Spainre"used


2he 3stend 0ani"esto was held in 4elgiu* in 1'5•A*eri!ans ased7 8ran!e, Spain and 9ngland to pro*ulgate poli!ies!on!erning Cua•2heir intent was on + issues:1) 2o as Spain to sell Cua to the US:) Cua to e!o*e a sla;e state

:+) <" Spain re"use, the US will e -usti=ed to tae it away7 "ro* the*in e;ent o" "uture disturan!es in Cua


•2he US insisten!e on Cua te*porarily suspended>:A*eri!an Ci;il ?ar &1'61 : 1'65):@e!onstru!tion &1'65 : 1'):the onBgoing <ndian ?ars•Howe;er, the A*eri!an%s intent to enlarge its territory o;erseas did

not !o*pletely went away•<t pi!ed up again during the Cuan ?ar o" <ndependen!e againstSpain &1'5 : 1'')

American Interests in Cuba•#os 0arti and 0axi*o Eo*eF and the Cuan @e;olution &1'5)

1



•A*eri!an supported the @e;olutionaries e!ause o" her igin;est*ents in Cua (Sugar, Tobacco, etc.)•Spanish Eo;ernorBEeneral Galeriano ?eyler%s tyranny against theCuans•?eyler egins his Con!entration Poli!y in Cua. &8e. 16, 1'6)

•@aised genuine A*eri!an sy*pathies "or the people o" Cua

Media and Popular Opinion •2he @ise o" Yellow #ournalis*7 in the USA•?illia* @andolph Hearsts New York Journal and #oseph PulitFer%s NewYork World•Sensational reporting on the Cuan <nsurre!tion, helped strengthenantiBSpanish senti*ent in the United States.

The “De Lome Letter” (Dec. 1!"#•SeIor Dupuy de Jo*e, 2he Spanish 0inister to ?ashington•<n his pri;ate letter to a "riend, he re"erred to 0!Kinley as BBB:“policastro7 or a !heap politi!ian7:“a weakling:“a bidder for the adiration of the crowd.! :“""" he tries to lea#e a door open behind hiself while keeping ongood ters with the Jingos of his part$! •<t Jeaed and was Pulished in a Lew Yor Lewspaper•US puli! resent*ent against Spain

The $in%in& o' $$ Maine ()eb. 1*+ 1!#•9xploded in Ha;ana Haror &6( A*eri!ans perished)•<nstantly e!a*e a -usti=!ation "or war against Spain•SensationaliFed y *edia &Yellow #ournalis*)M ;ested <*perialist and!o**er!ial interests•Despite no !on!lusi;e e;iden!e that it was !ause y Spain

$ Con&ress Declares ,ar on $pain•2he US Congress de*anded that Spain lea;e Cua ut they did not.•?ar was de!lared on April 5th, 1''•2his "or*ally started the Spanish A*eri!an ?ar

Theodore -ooseelt/s -ou&h -iders



Tedd0 -ooseelt+ Asst. $ec. o' a0 and The Asiatic )leet (Dec.1!"#•A*eri!a was a late !o*er in the Age o" <*perialis*

•2hey sought to -oin the ex!lusi;e nations with !olonies•2he A*eri!an were also interested in the lu!rati;e 8ar 9ast tradeespe!ially with China and <ndia•2eddy @oose;elt sent Co**odore Eeorge Dewey who was stationedin Cali"ornia "or Hong Kong y De!e*er, 1':2wo *onths e"ore the sining o" USS 0aine:Six wees e"ore the De!laration o" ?ar against Spain•@oose;elt *ae sure that all o" Dewey%s ships were in good shape andwell supplied in e;ent o" war in the Philippines

De2e0 2as Alread0 in 3on& 4on& b0 ()eb. 5*+ 1!#

•2he 4attle o" 0anila 4ay &0ay 1, 1'')•Dewey Captures 0anila 4ay &0ay 1, 1'')•A*eri!a 4e!o*es an <*perial Lation•Aguinaldo and the Hong Kong #unta 0eeting &0ay , 1'')•?hile in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo !alled a *eeting with the #unta todis!uss the prospe!ts o" aligning with the US to de"eat Spain

The 6ac%&round o' the )ilipino American Collaboration

•4e"ore the end o" 1' 8elipe Agon!illo had already !on"erred withA*eri!an Consular @ounse;ille ?ild*an in Hong Kong aout o$ering8ilipino allian!e with the A*eri!ans in !ase the US and Spain goes towar•?hile in Singapore &April 1'') Aguinaldo was !onta!ted y anA*eri!an Consul Eeneral 0r. 9. Spen!er Pratt, on se;eral o!!asions!on!erning the possile !ollaoration against Spain ;ia translator4ritish Holland ?. 4ray

A&uinaldo Collaborates 2ith the Americans

•Upon Aguinaldo%s exile to Hong Kong he entrusted ?ild*an topro!ure ar*s "or the 8ilipino !ause

+



•Dewey dispat!hed a US ship %SS &c'ullough to "et!h Aguinaldo toring hi* a! to the Ca;ite shipyard where Dewey presents hi* withthe !aptured Spanish a**unitions•Aguinaldo expressed his intentions to !ollaorate with the A*eri!ans•<n return Aguinaldo !lai*ed that the A*eri!ans pro*ised the 8ilipinos

<ndependen!e

$panish $ee%s to ,in )ilipino Alliance

•0anila Ar!hishop LoFaleda%s Cir!ular to 8ilipinos &0ay ', 1'') : tode"end their Catholi!is* ;s. A*eri!an Protestantis*•Eo;. Een. Augustin sought to gain support o" the 8ilipino 9lites•He proposed "or a 8ilipino *ilitia to =ght against the A*eri!an troops,and to !reate a !onsultati;e asse*ly o" Spaniards and 8ilipinos to eheaded y Dr. Pedro Paterno

Paterno/s Proposes Autonomous Plan nder $pain

•Paterno issued a *ani"esto urging the 8ilipinos to "or* an allian!ewith Spain•His proposal>:Spain retains power o;er general poli!ies, exe!ution o" laws, a!ts o"asse*ly and settle*ent o" !onNi!ts.:2he 8ilipinos would exer!ise -urisdi!tion o;er lo!al a$airs su!h as

laors, i**igration, so!ial wel"are, sanitation, puli! wors, puli!instru!tion, agri!ulture, and aning

A&uinaldo -eturns (Ma0 1!+ 1!#

•Aguinaldo arri;e in Ca;ite on 0ay 1, 1'' &!ourtesy o" the US)•He was taen to *eet Ad*iral Dewey•Jater Aguinaldo wanted !lai* what he was pro*ised, independen!ey the A*eri!ans

A&uinaldo Declares Dictatorial Po2ers

•Shortly a"ter his return Aguinaldo de!lares di!tatorial powers&te*porary)•Aguinaldo @eorganiFes Pro;in!ial and Jo!al Eo;ern*ents•Ad*inistration o" #usti!e <*ple*ented•@e;olutionary Eo;ern*ent &0ay , 1'' : #une +, 1'')



•2his e;entually e!a*e the 0alolos @epuli!•<ssues the “Treatent of neies 'ircular! &0ay 1'') to ensurehu*ane treat*ent o" Spanish prisoners o" war

)ilipino Treatment o' 7nemies0ay , 1'' De!ree : “t happens #er$ often that the people and oursoldiers carried o* b$ the triuph, forget all $ pre#ious ad#ice inregard to the treatent which the$ ought to accord to the prisoners,and, $ou will endea#or to stop this disgraceful conduct toward thesurrendered ene$ and to punish those who a$ disobe$ $ourorders.!

Proclamation o' Philippine Independence (8une 15+ 1!#

•@esu*ption o" Con!erted ?ar"are Against Spain•2he wa;e o" 8ilipino Lationalis* reBenergiFed the *orale o" the8ilipino re;olutionary soldiers toward the !o*plete lieration o" thePhilippines "ro* Spain•0any 8ilipino -oined Aguinaldo%s ar*y•Spanish 0ilitary deserters -oin Aguinaldo%s 8or!es

-easons 'or the -apid $uccess o' the -eolutionists

•2hey had etter ar*s than when the @e;olution started:Due to the e$orts o" the Hong Kong #unta and ?ild*an%s pro!ure*ento" ar*s•2he support o" 8ilipino intelle!tuals su!h as Apolinario 0aini,@ianFares 4autista, Era!iano Apa!ile, 0ariano Pon!e, and 8elipeAgon!illo•2he weaening o" the Spanish 8or!es:Cuan <nsurre!tion and the Spanish A*eri!an ?ar:2he de"eat o" the Spanish Ar*ada y Dewey

The $ie&e o' Manila b0 A&uinaldo

•Aguinaldo%s o-e!ti;e was to !apture 0anila•9;ident y the hea;y assaults on Spanish positions in and around0anila y Eenerals Arte*io @i!arte, Antonio 0ontenegro, PantaleonEar!ia, Pio Del Pilar.

5



•2his resulted in shortage o" supplies whi!h le"t the inhaitants o" the!ity in dire hardship•Aguinaldo surrounded the Spanish "or!es and de*anded theirsurrender•Eo;ernor Augustin re"used e!ause he was anti!ipating7 Spanish

rein"or!e*ents

The 6attle 'or Manila (Au&ust 19+ 1!#

•8resh rein"or!e*ent o" A*eri!an troops !a*e y #uly, 1'' under the!o**and o" 0a-or Eeneral ?esley 9. 0erritt•2hey set !a*p along the ea!hes south o" 0anila•<n early August, 0erritt sent an e*issary to Aguinaldo reOuesting thathe !leared the tren!hes etween the area o" their !a*p and 0anila%s

?alls•US Eunoat 3ly*pia open =re at 8ort Antonio Aad at >+( A0

The Occupation o' Manila b0 the Americans (Au&ust 19+ 1!#

•8ort Antonio Aad was taen and an A*eri!an Nag was raised o;erthe Philippines•2he A*eri!ans *o;ed north to atta! <ntra*uros•4y 1 P0 a ?hite 8lag appeared on the southwest !orner o" the ?alled

City•2his *o! attle was pre;iously arranged to ensure a honoralede"eat "or Spain and an easy ;i!tory o" the A*eri!ans

The $urrender o' Manila

•Eeneral 8er*in #audenes and Eeneral 0erritt *et on August 1, 1''to sign the ter*s o" surrender at the Ayunta*iento at 5>+(P0•2he ter*s o" surrender were read at the al!ony o" San AugustinChur!h>

:A*eri!ans too !o**and o" the !ity:All its de"ense and puli! uildings:1+,((( Spanish troops:,((( ar*s and 1(,(((,((( rounds o" a**unition:P((,((( go;ern*ent "unds

6



The $urrender o' Manila

•2he “Star Spangled +anner! was played•An A*eri!an Nag was raise o;er 8ort Santiago•2hus "or*ally ending the Spanish so;ereignty in 0anila and the

Philippines•2he 8ilipino "or!es were ex!luded due to "ear that the 8ilipino troops*ight *assa!re the Spaniards in the !ity

The 6rea%in& o' )il:American Alliance

•2he 8ilipinos "elt etrayed y the A*eri!ans•Eenerals Arte*io @i!arte and Pio Del Pilar wanted to =ght theA*eri!ans

•2hey wanted to "or!e their way into the !ity•3thers sought to approa!h the A*eri!ans diplo*ati!ally ut Een.0erritt would si*ply in"or* the* that he is only authoriFed to dealwith the Spanish Authorities and not the 8ilipinos

lecture 2 handouts

Documents