lecture 2 defining stereotypes, prejudice & discrimination
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Understanding Stereotypes, Prejudice,
& Discrimination
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Defining Terms (Myers 2005)
•Stereotype (Cognition)• A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people• Sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, resistant to new information”
•Prejudice (Cognition)• Preconceived negative judgment
•Discrimination (Behaviour)• Unjustified negative behaviour towards or its members
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Stereotype ( Mullaly, B 2009)
Sweeping statement(s) of how a person views a group or individual – how they should look or act.
-Ignores distinctiveness of the individual
-Represents the end point of a person’s understanding
-Discourages further investigation
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Stereotype or generalizationhttps://pantherfile.uwm.edu/gjay/www/Whiteness/stereotypes.htm
•Generalizations• “A statement based on a finite set of observations and experiences which
claims to hold true for the larger set, even for those cases that have not been seen or experienced”
• All statements – facts or fiction - require us to make generalizations
• They offer a theory about how things are in general – an effort to categorize things
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Stereotype or generalizationhttps://pantherfile.uwm.edu/gjay/www/Whiteness/stereotypes.htm
•Stereotypes:• A a particular kind of generalization • A subset of generalization.
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Stereotype or generalizationhttps://pantherfile.uwm.edu/gjay/www/Whiteness/stereotypes.htm
• Stereotypes• Come from - a history of socio-political struggle between unequal
groups within a region, nation, or society • present generalizations which function to create or sustain
inequalities of value, power, and/or wealth among socially constructed groups (by race, age, sex, class, religion etc.) • are intended to harm or have a negative effect as regards the object
of the stereotype, or can reasonably be predicted to do so • circulate repeatedly and systematically in a culture so that they are
accepted as "common sense" truths by many people in the culture, even those who are the object of the stereotype
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Stereotype or generalizationhttps://pantherfile.uwm.edu/gjay/www/Whiteness/stereotypes.htm
• Stereotypes (continued)
• disguise or distort the truth through caricature and misrepresentation based on only partial aspects of a person or situation • appeal to the prejudices of the audience, exploiting these by
attaching them to emotions of pleasure or hatred that are reinforced often by casting stereotypes within frameworks of entertainment
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Common stereotypes
• List some common stereotypes in our society today.• Does every group have stereotypes about it?• Which groups have the most stereotypes?• Which has the fewest?
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PrejudiceA preconceived negative judgement
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The link between Prejudice & Discrimination
• Does prejudice automatically lead to discrimination?
• Resources• Tapped
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Where does prejudice come from? (Myers 2005)
•Cognitive• Stereotypes• Perceived similarities & differences
•Society• Unequal status – which groups do we belong to
•Motivation• Competition for resources• Frustration & Aggression – the scapegoat
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Cognitive sources of prejudice (Myers 2005)
• To figure out people• Categories
• The “in-group” - diversity• & “out-group” – homogony
• Categorization has consequences• In-group seen more positively• Illusionary correlation – over estimation of negative behaviours among the out-group
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Forming Perceptions (www.nationalserviceresources.org/filemanager/.../B6Diversity)
• Life, experiences teach us about our place in a group or society
• We tend to be:• Be raised in groups just like us• Gravitate to similar people• Be uncomfortable with differences
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Forming Perceptions (con’t)
(www.nationalserviceresources.org/filemanager/.../B6Diversity) • We mistakenly believe that:
• Surface similarities – people who are similar to us on the surface must be similar in other ways• Surface difference – people who are different to us on the surface must be
different n other ways
• We view others through lens of group stereotype
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Social sources of prejudice (Myers 2005)
• Societal pressures• Competition for scarce resources
• More or less prejudice in hard economic times?• Why?
• Implicit messages of the “norm”• What is important about these crayons?
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Social sources of prejudice (continued)
• Society pays more attention to some things than others• What was so important about the last American presidential election?
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Motivational sources of prejudice (Myers 2005)
• Social identity• Sense of belonging
• In group vs out group• Which do we want to be better?• What are the clothes telling us?
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Reference
• Myer, D., (2005). Social psychology. 8th Ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.• Mullaly, B., (2009). Challenging Oppression and Confronting Privilege. Canada: Oxford
Press