lecture 2 and 3

8/2/2019 Lecture 2 and 3

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Electrical Engineering Department CPS101: Introduction 1

What is Information Technology?

Communication Technology

consists of electromagnetic/optical devices and

systems for communicating over long distances

InfoTech or IT is any technology that helps to

produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or

disseminate information

Merges computing with high-speed communications

links carrying data, sound, and video


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The Computer defined

A device that computes

Electronic device

Converts data into information

Modern computers are digital

Two digits combine to make data (1s and 0s)

Older computers were analog A range of values made data


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Communication Defined

Communication: To transfer data/information fromone point to another

Using Wires

Electrical Signals

Optical Signals (Light)

Wirelessly

ElectroMagnetic Waves

Using Analog Signals

Using Digital Signals


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Related IT Terms

What is a Network?

communications system connecting two or more

computers with/without wires

What does being online mean?

using a computer or other information device,

connected through a voice or data network, toaccess information and services from another

computer or information device


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Related IT Terms

Cyberspace encompasses the whole wired and wireless world

of communications

The Internet

the network of all networks Multimedia

technology that presents information in more thanone medium, such as text, still images, moving

images, and sound World Wide Web

graphical side of the Internet

global network of linked documents on the

Internet


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Related IT Terms

The E-word ; E Stands for Electronic

E-mail

E-learning

E-business

E-commerce

E-government


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Computers for individual use

Desktop computers The most common type of computer

Sits on the desk or floor

Performs a variety of tasks

Workstations Specialized computers

Optimized for science or graphics More powerful than a desktop
http://www.sun.com/




Notebook computers Small portable computers

Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds

About 8 by 11 inches

Typically as powerful as adesktop

Can include a docking station

Lightest laptop:

Sony VAIO X Series 655g!



Discussion

Contrast desktop and notebook computers.Focus on the pros and cons of each type ofcomputer




Tablet computers Newest development in portable computers

Input is througha pen

Run specialized versions of office products




Handheld computers Very small computers Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) Note taking or contact management Data can synchronize with a desktop

Smart phones Hybrid of cell phone and PDA Web surfing, e-mail access Example: Blackberry Features

Phone Internet (Email, Browsing) Camera Video Recording



Computers For Organizations

Network servers Centralized computer

All other computers connect

Provides access to network resources

Multiple servers are called server farms Often simply a powerful desktop




Mainframes Used in largeorganizations

Handle thousandsof users

Used for Bulk data processing,warehousing

Industry/consumerstats

Financial transactionprocessing

Users access through aterminal

Dumb Terminal Intelligent Terminal




Minicomputers Called midrange computers

Power between mainframe and desktop

Handle hundreds of users

Used in smaller organizations Users access through a terminal

Microcomputer evolved from minicomputer

Examples SPARC, POWER and Itanium -based systemsfrom Sun Microsystems, IBM and Hewlett-Packard.




Supercomputers The most powerful

computers made

Handle large and complex

calculations Process trillions of

operations per second

Found in research

organizations Used in Simulation and

modeling, weatherforecasting



Specialized Computers

Microcontrollers

also called embeddedcomputers

tiny, specializedmicroprocessors installed insmart appliances and

automobiles Dedicated to performing a

specific task

Low power devices

Examples:

engine control systems,remote controls, officemachines, appliances,power tools



Computers Everywhere

Not just Desktops, Workstations, Tablet PCs,Handheld PCs (PDAs), Servers, Mainframecomputers, Minicomputers

But also

Cell phones Alarm Clocks

Microwave Ovens

Lighting control in a building

Washing Machines



Computers In Society (Self Study)

Computers at home Business, education, entertainment, communication

Computers in education

Computers in small business Computers in industry

Computers in government

Computers in health care



Where Is Information Technology Headed?

Three Directions of Computer Development

Miniaturization

Speed

Affordability

Then (1946)

Now



Where Is Information Technology Headed?

Three Directions of Computer Development

Connectivity

Interactivity

Multimedia

Image Courtesy:

http://blog.wired.com/cars/images/2007/05/31/telematics.jpg


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When Computers & Communications Combine:

Convergence, Portability, & Personalization

Convergence

Portability

Personalization

Image courtesy:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Zypad.jpg


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Electrical Engineering Department

How Computers Work


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How Computers Work Concept#1

Data

The raw facts andfigures that are

processed intoinformation

Information

Data that has beensummarized orotherwise manipulated

for use in decisionmaking

The purpose of a computer is to processdata into information

T f D t


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Types of Data

Text

Raw: Processed:

One of the most important concepts students must

understand is the fundamental difference between

data and information.

T f D t


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Types of Data

Image

Raw

Processed

Types of Data


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Types of Data

Audio

Raw: Conversation between people in cockpitof aircraft and Flight Controller recorded inBlack box

Processed: In case of air crash, the recordedaudio will be converted to digital form,background noise will be removed, and theclarity of speech will be improved to assistinvestigators

Types of Data


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Types of Data

Video Raw: Old Black and White movies Processed: Black and white movie made colored

Raw: Any Video in foreign language Processed: Dub it in Urdu


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Parts of a Computer System Computer systems have

four parts

Hardware

Software Data

User


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Parts of a Computer System

Hardware Mechanical devices in the computer Anything that can be touched Examples?

Software Tells the computer what to do Also called a program Thousands of programs exist

Some for computers own use Some for the service of the user

Reason majority of the people would want topurchase a computer

Examples?


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Parts of a Computer System

Data Pieces of information/individual facts

By themselves do not make much sense

Computers organize and present data

Users People operating the computer

Most important part

Tell the computer what to do


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Information Processing Cycle Steps followed to process data

Input

Computer accepts data from some source

Processing Computers processing components perform actions on thedata based on instructions from user or program

Output

Computer conveys result to user.

Text, numbers, graphic, image, video, sound, print Storage

Permanently store result on some medium


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Information Processing Cycle


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Input Devices

Devices that allow people to put data into thecomputer in a form that the computer can use

Input Devices Keyboard: converts letters, numbers, and other

characters into electrical signals readable by theprocessor

Mouse: Select options from onscreen menu


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Other Input Devices..?

Scanners Microphone

Webcam

Digital Camera Joystick


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Processing

The manipulation a computer does totransform data into information

Processing Device: Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Specialized chips called microprocessor Brain of the computer

Carries out instructions from the program

Processors made of silicon and copper Plugged into computers motherboard


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Processing Devices

Processor chip - A tinypiece of silicon thatcontains millions ofminiature electronic

circuits.

Processor chip


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Motherboard

PCB (Printed Circuit Board) made of Fiberglass sheet withelectrical pathways, called traces, etched into it System Clock Microprocessor Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Random Access Memory (RAM) Battery Power Supply Ports

Expansion Slots plugs on the motherboard for expanding the PCscapabilities via additional circuit boards

Buses Address Bus

Data Bus


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Motherboard


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Memory Devices

One or more sets of chips that store dataand/or program instructions, eithertemporarily or permanently

Two types of memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM)


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RAM Primary Storage

Computer circuitry that temporarily holds datawaiting to be processed

Volatile Stores current data and programs More RAM results in a faster system


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Memory

Memory Stores open programs and data Small chips on the motherboard or on a small

circuit board attached to the motherboard

More memory makes computer applications runfaster

CPS101: Lecture5 41


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Non-volatile Memory

Holds data when power is off Read Only Memory (ROM)

Data is only read but not changed

Types of ROM Programmable ROM (PROM) can be custom-

programmed by the user (once) using special circuitry

Erasable-Programmable ROM (EPROM) can also be

programmed and erased by the user using ultravioletlight and special circuitry external to the computer

Electrically Erasable PROM (EEPROM) can be erasedand reprogrammed by special circuitry within thecomputer

CPS101: Lecture5 42


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Non-volatile Memory ROM contains a set of start-up instructions called

Basic Input Output System (BIOS) The BIOS boot program in the ROM is activated first

Performs the Power On Self Test (POST) to ensuresystem is functioning properly and all expectedhardware devices are present

Ensures that RAM chips are functioning properly

Keyboard/mouse is attached properly

Detects which drives are available

Loads the operating system

43CPS101: Lecture5


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Flash Memory

Data is stored using physical switches Special form of nonvolatile memory

Camera cards, USB key chains

CPS101: Lecture5 44


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RAM

Volatile memory Requires power to holddata

Random Access Memory

(RAM) Single in-line memory

module (SIMM)

Dual in-line memory module

(DIMM) Small outline DIMM

(SODIMM)

Used in laptops

CPS101: Lecture5 45


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RAM Access

CPU uses a memory address to store andretrieve each piece of data

Memory address: a number that indicates alocation on the memory chip

CPU reads data using the address CPU can read any address

CPS101: Lecture5 46


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Virtual RAM

Computer is out of actual RAM Unload/swap out non-essential parts (least recentlyused data) from RAM to hard disk and thenload/swap in the required data

Swapping slows down the systems performance More RAM would mean less swapping

CPS101: Lecture5 47


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CPU Registers

Small amount of storage available on the CPU Fastest way for CPU to access data

Measured by the number of bits they canhold, sometimes called word size

32-bit CPU or processor means the word size(size of registers) is 32 bits

CPS101: Lecture5 48


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ROM Secondary Storage

The area in the computer wheredata or information is heldpermanently

Holds the computer boot directions to store the initial program that

runs when the computer ispowered on

Since it cannot be modified, it isreally only suitable for storing datawhich is not expected to needmodification


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Units of measurement for Memory

Storage capacity is represented in: 1 byte - 1 character of data. 1 kilobyte 210 bytes/char; 1,024 characters.

1 megabyte - 220 bytes/char 1,048,576 characters.

1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters. 1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters.


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Storage Devices

Purpose is to hold program files and data permanently Different from RAM Computer takes a copy of program and data from storage

device

Puts it in RAM and processes it

Replaces the data in the storage device with modified data

Differences:

More room in storage than in memory

Volatile vs non-volatile Storage devices are slower but cheaper than memory

chips


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Storage Devices

Magnetic storage Floppy and hard drive Uses a magnet to access data

Optical storage CD and DVD drives, Blue-Ray Uses a laser to access data


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Storage Devices

Hard-disk drive a storage device that

stores billions of

characters of data on a

non-removable disk

platter

Capacity 40GB-320GB

or even more


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Storage Devices

CD (Compact Disk) drive orDVD (Digital Video Disk)drive a storage device that uses

laser technology to readdata from optical disks.

700MB for CD 1.4 to 17 GB for DVD

Blue Ray optical disc storage

high-definition video and

data storage. same physical dimensions as

standard DVDs and CDs.

Currently Upto 50GBcapacity


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Output Hardware

Devices which translateinfo processed by thecomputer into a formthat humans canunderstand

Example: Printer - an output device

that produces text andgraphics on paper

Output Devices


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Output Devices

Sound Card Coverts audio signal from

digital to analog and viceversa

Both Input and Outputdevice

Speakers

the devices that play soundstransmitted as electricalsignals from the sound card

Sound card

Speakers

Output Devices


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Video card

converts the processorsoutput information into avideo signal that can besent through a cable to the

monitorMonitor

the display device thattakes the electrical signals

from the video card andforms an image using pointsof colored light on thescreen

Video card

Output Devices

Monitor


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Input & Output Device ?

Touchscreen


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Communication Devices

Modema device that sends andreceives data overtelephone lines to andfrom computers

NICControls the flow of

data on a network link

Modem

Network Interface Card

ll h h d h d


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Put all the hardware together and



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What is Left? Power

Inside system cabinet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PSU-Open1.jpg


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You still need the software!


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Software Runs The Machine

Tells the computer what to do

Reason people purchase computers

Two types System software Application software

1B-63


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System Software

Helps the computer perform essentialoperating tasks and enables the applicationsoftware Operating system

Windows XP, Linux, Macintosh OS Network operating system (OS)

Windows Server 2003

Utility

Designed to help manage and tune the computerhardware, operating system or application softwareby performing a single task or a small range of tasks

Symantec AntiVirus, Disk fragmentation, Diskpartitioning, Backup, Disk compression

1B-64

l f


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Application Software

Tells the computer how to accomplish specifictasks Word processing MS word

Spreadsheets MS Excel

Database Management MS Access, Oracle Presentation programs MS powerpoint

Graphics software Adobe photoshop

Multimedia players

Web design tools


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Computer Users

Role depends on ability Setup the system Install software

Manage files

Maintain the system Userless computers

Run with no user input

Automated systems

lecture 2 and 3

Documents