lecture 15: why are arthropods successful?. goals: assignment: read: chapter 23 websites:
TRANSCRIPT
Lecture 15:Lecture 15:
Why are arthropods successful?
Why are arthropods successful?
Goals:Goals:
Assignment:Assignment: Read: Chapter 23Read: Chapter 23Websites:http://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/glossary.htm http://www.hollowtop.com/finl_html/finl.html http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/hyg-fact/2000/2160.html http://www.antcolony.org/Army_ants.htm http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Parasitol.html http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood.htm http://www.aloha.net/~smgon/triloclass.htm http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/dinosaur.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arthropoda.htmlhttp://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/robss/overview_htm.html http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.html http://www.earthlife.net/insects/six01.html http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/lepid/bflyusa/mi/toc.htm http://www.biophotos.com/whitten/specimens.html
Websites:http://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/glossary.htm http://www.hollowtop.com/finl_html/finl.html http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/hyg-fact/2000/2160.html http://www.antcolony.org/Army_ants.htm http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Parasitol.html http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood.htm http://www.aloha.net/~smgon/triloclass.htm http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/dinosaur.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arthropoda.htmlhttp://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/robss/overview_htm.html http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.html http://www.earthlife.net/insects/six01.html http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/lepid/bflyusa/mi/toc.htm http://www.biophotos.com/whitten/specimens.html
1. Define success1. Define success
2. Compare insects to other living organisms, understand what insect adaptations have contributed to their success2. Compare insects to other living organisms, understand what insect adaptations have contributed to their success
3. Relate methods of attaining success to the human race3. Relate methods of attaining success to the human race
Biological Classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Biological Classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Binomial Nomenclature Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda
6. Bilateral symmetry6. Bilateral symmetry
5. Open circulatory system 5. Open circulatory system
2. Segmented body2. Segmented body
3. Jointed appendages 3. Jointed appendages
7. Sexual Reproduction7. Sexual Reproduction
1. Exoskeleton1. Exoskeleton
4. Double ventral nerve cord4. Double ventral nerve cord
Crustacea Sow Bug, Lobster (26,000) Aquatic, Land .2mm-200cm Crustacea Sow Bug, Lobster (26,000) Aquatic, Land .2mm-200cm
Class Common Name Environment SizeClass Common Name Environment Size
Merostomata Horseshoe Crab (5) Aquatic 3-60mmMerostomata Horseshoe Crab (5) Aquatic 3-60mm
Pycnogonida Sea Spider (500) Aquatic Marine 05 -70cm Pycnogonida Sea Spider (500) Aquatic Marine 05 -70cm
Pauropoda None (380) Soil and Leaf Mold 5-20mmPauropoda None (380) Soil and Leaf Mold 5-20mm
Symphyla None (120) Soil and Leaf Mold 2-10mmSymphyla None (120) Soil and Leaf Mold 2-10mm
Insecta Insects (1,000,000) Aquatic, Land, Air .1mm-25cmInsecta Insects (1,000,000) Aquatic, Land, Air .1mm-25cm
Diplopoda Millipede (8000) Terrestrial .1-100cmDiplopoda Millipede (8000) Terrestrial .1-100cm
Chilopoda Centipede (3,000) Terrestrial .1-100cmChilopoda Centipede (3,000) Terrestrial .1-100cm
Classes of ArthropodaClasses of Arthropoda
Class InsectaClass Insecta
6. Unique biology6. Unique biology
1. Three Body Regions1. Three Body Regions
2. Three pairs of legs2. Three pairs of legs
3. Most groups have functional wings3. Most groups have functional wings
4. One pair of antennae4. One pair of antennae
5. Tracheae respiratory system5. Tracheae respiratory system
Criteria for measuring successCriteria for measuring success
2. Current diversity2. Current diversity
1. Historically successful1. Historically successful
3. Environmental impact3. Environmental impact
Historically SuccessfulHistorically Successful1. Trilobites – 600x106 ago, fossils = hard exoskeleton1. Trilobites – 600x106 ago, fossils = hard exoskeleton
Historically SuccessfulHistorically Successful
2. Dinosaurs – 230x106 ago, first terrestrial egg
Died out 65 x 106 years ago
2. Dinosaurs – 230x106 ago, first terrestrial egg
Died out 65 x 106 years ago
Historically SuccessfulHistorically Successful
3. Brachiopods - hard shells, diverse forms, Been around 545 x 106 years 3. Brachiopods - hard shells, diverse forms, Been around 545 x 106 years
Historically SuccessfulHistorically Successful
3. Insects - 3. Insects -
· Oldest fossils 400 x 106 years old· Oldest fossils 400 x 106 years old
· These fossils are already well developed· These fossils are already well developed
· Hard to find good insect fossils· Hard to find good insect fossils
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Tale of the TapeTale of the Tape
Current DiversityCurrent Diversity
Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact
Insects have important human impacts as well:Insects have important human impacts as well:
• Transmit disease to us, our crops and our domesticated animals
• Feed on the same things we like to eat
• $$: Pollination, silk, dyes, FOOD!
• Transmit disease to us, our crops and our domesticated animals
• Feed on the same things we like to eat
• $$: Pollination, silk, dyes, FOOD!
Insects can be found in almost every ecosystem on earthInsects can be found in almost every ecosystem on earth
Insects are vital components of food websInsects are vital components of food webs
1. Insects are arguably the most successful group of animals alive1. Insects are arguably the most successful group of animals alive
3. What about mammals?!Weight? size?
3. What about mammals?!Weight? size?
2. One-celled organisms may rival insects in number, but it’s hard to tell
2. One-celled organisms may rival insects in number, but it’s hard to tell
Success? Success?
Life history strategies: The Tortoise vs. the hare
Life history strategies: The Tortoise vs. the hare
1. The Tortoise 1. The Tortoise •High survival rate, parental care,
extended individual life, offspring training
•High survival rate, parental care, extended individual life,
offspring training
2. The Hare2. The Hare
•Short lives, small size, high reproduction offsets high mortality
•Short lives, small size, high reproduction offsets high mortality
Insect adaptations that contribute to success
Insect adaptations that contribute to success
1. Exoskeleton1. Exoskeleton
2. Jointed Appendages 2. Jointed Appendages
3. Wings 3. Wings
4. Size4. Size
5. Metamorphosis5. Metamorphosis
6. Ability to escape adverse conditions6. Ability to escape adverse conditions
7. Methods of Reproduction7. Methods of Reproduction
8. Short generation time8. Short generation time
9. Specialization9. Specialization
10. Methods of solving the water problem10. Methods of solving the water problem
· Overlapping chitin plates -- like a suit of armor
· Overlapping chitin plates -- like a suit of armor
· Attachment for muscles· Attachment for muscles
Exoskeleton- Look ma, no bones!Exoskeleton- Look ma, no bones!
· Protects from damage and water loss
· Protects from damage and water loss
Jointed appendagesJointed appendagesUsually specialized for the insect’s lifestyleUsually specialized for the insect’s lifestyle
Running, jumping, grasping, swimming, diggingRunning, jumping, grasping, swimming, digging
WingsWings
•Insects have been flying for over 250 million years!
•Insects have been flying for over 250 million years!
•Give an advantage over non-flying organisms•Give an advantage over non-flying organisms
.17 mm
Size matters:Even the largest insects are smallSize matters:Even the largest insects are small
•Easier to hide•Easier to hide
•Need less food•Need less food
•Easier to disperse•Easier to disperse
Why aren’t insects gigantic?Why aren’t insects gigantic?
Insects Limited By:1. Respiratory system- Spiracles- Trachea- Air sacs
Insects Limited By:1. Respiratory system- Spiracles- Trachea- Air sacs
2. Musculo-skeletal system2. Musculo-skeletal system
http://ask.yahoo.com/ask/20011220.html
Largest Insect ever: MeganeuraLargest Insect ever: Meganeura
http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfun/trivia.htm
MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
•Allows one organism to utilize multiple habitats
•Allows one organism to utilize multiple habitats
• Or to become more specialized• Or to become more specialized
Defense!!Defense!!•Flying away•Flying away
•Scaring away•Scaring away
•Brute force•Brute forceMonarch
Poisonous Viceroy
Non-poisonous
•Hiding in plain sight•Hiding in plain sight
DiapauseDiapause- A period of slow development and metabolism- A period of slow development and metabolism
- Usually due to adverse weather: cold, lack of water, etc.- Usually due to adverse weather: cold, lack of water, etc.
Aestival diapause - summerAestival diapause - summer
Hibernal diapause - winterHibernal diapause - winter
Methods of solving the water problem
Methods of solving the water problem
•Metabolic water•Metabolic water
•Condense water from the air•Condense water from the air
•Conserve water by excreting pellets of uric acid, rather than urea
•Conserve water by excreting pellets of uric acid, rather than urea
•Wax layers in cuticle•Wax layers in cuticle
Methods of reproductionMethods of reproduction
Apis melliferaThe honey beeApis melliferaThe honey bee
AphidsAphids
DragonfliesDragonflies
Tiger BeetlesTiger Beetles
Short generation timeShort generation time
The insect with the shortest known generation time is the apple grain aphid (Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae/fitchii), which can bear live young only 4.7 days after being born. Other kinds of aphids are almost as prolific, bearing live young anywhere from five to seven days after being born. Such rapid-breeding aphids are parthenogenetic. They are so prolific that when they are born they already carry the embryos of their first children.
The insect with the shortest known generation time is the apple grain aphid (Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae/fitchii), which can bear live young only 4.7 days after being born. Other kinds of aphids are almost as prolific, bearing live young anywhere from five to seven days after being born. Such rapid-breeding aphids are parthenogenetic. They are so prolific that when they are born they already carry the embryos of their first children.
Allows rapid adaptationAllows rapid adaptation
SpecializationSpecialization
EntomophagyEntomophagy
Man eating BugsMan eating Bugs
Proverbs VI: 6Proverbs VI: 6
Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be
wise.
Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be
wise.