lecture 15 handouts

7/17/2019 Lecture 15 Handouts

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Lecture 15: The Philippine Under Martial Law•Stewart A. Young, Ph.D.•History 166 Philippine History

Marcos’ Second Constitutional Term (1969 – 1973)

Natural Disasters Devastated the Country•!yphoon Yoling "Nov. #$, 1%$&'•(ruption and )ea*tivation o+ !aal ol*ano "1%6- 1%$$'

Marcos’ Second Constitutional Term "1%6% 1%$/'A Host o+ So*ial and (*ono0i* Prole0s•High 2n3ation•Devaluation o+ the Peso•Ara 4il Crisis•5e+tist Co00unist 2nsurgen*y

•usli0 2nsurgen*y and Cessation ove0ent•2n*reasing violen*e in indanao•2n*rease in Protest y students in anila7s 8niversity 9elt and 8P"ar:ist 2nspired'

The First Quarter Storm•Student De0onstrationsanila7s 8niversity 9elt8P Dili0an•!he New Constitution•!he Cla0or +or a New Constitution

Senate ;ose Avelino 0ade the <rst appeal +or a new *onstitution on=e, >, 1%?%!his was supported y Sen. C.. )e*to and others•Nov. 1$, 1%$& !he Constitutional Convention A*t "). A. No. 61/#'was passed•!he ele*tions was held +or /#& delegates o+ the *onstitution*onvention. !he youngest delegate )i*hard @ordon was #-•;une 1, 1%$1 !he Constitutional Convention asse0les to rewrite the1%/- Constitution. !he Convention ele*ts +or0er President Carlos@ar*ia as its head.•;une 1?, 1%$1 @ar*ia dies and +or0er President Diosdado a*apagal

taes over the top position at the Convention.

Paal !isit (197")•!he isit o+ Pope Paul 2 "Nov. 1%, 1%$&'•During the / day visit y the Pope, he was greeted y 0illions o+=ilipinos•An unsu**ess+ul assassination atte0pt to ill the Pope y a 9oliviannational

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•PlaBa iranda 2n*ident•August #1, 1%$1 PlaBa iranda o0ed during the ele*tion*a0paign o+ the 5ieral Party•!he PlaBa iranda 9o0ing•Nine people died, %- wounded 0ostly +ro0 the 5ieral Party and their

supporters "Sergio 4s0ena ;r., @erry )o:as, (va (strada alaw, (ddie2larde'•!he 0ost seriously inured was Sen. ;ovito Salonga•ar*os initially la0ed the in*ident on the 5e+tists and aoistCo00unists who sought to under0ine the govern0ent•5ater ;ovito Salonga revealed that 0ost liely it was ;ose arie Sisonand his *adres

The #ation in Crisis•President ar*os issued Pro*la0ation No. >>% whi*h suspends theWrit of Habeas Corpus "August ##, 1%$1'

!his allowed the govern0ent the right to apprehend people withoutdue pro*ess•!he purpose is to “maintain peace and order, secure the safety of the people and preserve the authority of the State” •aoistEoriented pro+essors and students were seen suspe*ts•)estoration o+ the Writ of Habeas Corpus "Sept. 1>, 1%$1'

The $ocal %lections o& 1971•Despite the suspension o+ Habeaus Corpus lo*al ele*tions went on ass*heduled on Nove0er >, 1%$1•!his involved the posts o+ > senators and 1-,&&& lo*al oF*ials

in*luding 0any governors, 0ayors and 0uni*ipal *oun*ilors•!he senatorial winners in*luded;ovito Salonga "5P'@eraro agsaysay '5P';ohn 4s0ena "5P'(ddie 2larde "5P'(va (strada alaw "NP')a0on itra "5P'(rnesto a*eda "NP'Aleandro Al0endreas "NP'

The #ation in CrisisNu0erous suspi*ious o0ing in*idents all over etro anila in 1%$#•Atte0pted o0ings•Congress 9ldg ;ul. 1>•Dept. o+ =oreign AGairs 9ldg. E Aug. /&•Su**ess+ul o0ingsA)CA 9uilding "Pasay' E ar. 1-ietna0ese (0assy E ay, /&

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Phila0 5i+e 9uilding "8N Ave.' E ;uly /Dept. o+ So*ial el+are 9ldg. "anila' E Sept. -IueBon City Hall E Sept. 1>

The #ation in Crisis

•!he New People7s Ar0y "NPA' *ontrolled // o+ the /$ Provin*esthroughout 5uBon and elsewhere•!he oro National 5ieration =ront "N5=' +ounded y Nur isuarilaun*hes its *a0paign +or the independen*e o+ the usli0 provin*esClash etween usli0s and Christians le+t 0any soldiers "aout#,&&&' deadany *ivilians died "over 1,&&&'•ar*os saw these as 0aor threats to the )epuli*

The 'ssassination 'ttemt•An assassination atte0pt on the De+ense inister ;uan Pon*e (nrile

4n Septe0er #1, 1%$#•ar*os7 4ptions•President ar*os had / options in dealing with the threat to the)epuli* as provided y the 1%/- Constitution!o *all out the ar0ed +or*es to suppress the suversive ele0ents!o suspend the writ of habeas corpus!o pro*lai0 0artial law•A*tually ar*os had already signed the P.D. 1&>1 on Sept. 1$, 1%$#•2t was post dated to Sept. #1, 1%$#•!hen <nally pro*lai0ed to the puli* on Sept. #/, 1%$# at $/& P

Martial $a eclared•Septe0er ##, 1%$1 E ar*os pla*es the entire *ountry under 0artiallaw with Pro*la0ation 1&>1

The $e*al +asis o& Martial $aArti*le 22, Se*tion 1&, Paragraph # o+ the 1%/- Philippine"Co00onwealth' ConstitutionJ!he President shall be the commanderinchief of all the armed forcesof the Philippines and, whenever it will become necessary, he may callout such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence,invasion, insurrection, or imminent danger thereof, when the public

safety re!uires it, he may suspend the privilege of writ of habeascorpus, or place the Philippines or any part of thereof under the law"”

,P$'# Sa*ittarius200ediately +ollowing artial 5aw, ar*os issued 0any @eneral4rders

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!he 0ilitary under the Se*. o+ National De+ense (nrile arrestedthousands o+ antiEar*os politi*ians student a*tivists, *o00unists,*ri0inals and ene0ies o+ the )epuli* "over /&,&&&'•Politi*ians Sen. 9enigno AKuino ;rL Sen. ;ose Diono, Sen. )a0onitra

•Pulishers ;oaKuin JChinoM )o*es "anila !i0es', ;ose 5a*son"Philippine =ree Press'•;ournalists a:i0o Soliven, A0ado Doronilla, Celso Carunungan,Hernado Aaya

Counter-.nsur*enc/ Mo0es•All newspapers, television and radio stations, printing presses andother 0eans o+ 0ass 0edia were *losed and pla*ed under 0ilitary*ontrol(:*ept +or ones that are *ontrolled y his *ronies "anila 9ulletin'•ital puli* utilities and industries were seiBed and pla*ed under

govern0ent *ontrolanila (le*tri* Co0pany "()A5C4'Philippine 5ong Distan*e !elephone Co0pany "P5D!'

Counter-.nsur*enc/ Mo0es•All student de0onstrations, rallies, puli* politi*al 0eetings, laorstries were stri*tly prohiited•Cur+ew was i0posed +ro0 idnight to ?&& A "=inally li+ted on Aug.##, 1%$$'•!ravel 9an on =ilipino CitiBens who want to go aroad with e:*ept +ordiplo0ats "Also li+ted on Aug. ##, 1%$$'

•Private ar0ies o+ power+ul warlords and politi*ians were dis0antled total nu0er 1?-•=irear0s and e:plosives were all *on<s*ated total weapons*on<s*ated E -#/,61? Marcos ictatorshi in the #e Societ/•Disappearan*es and hu0an rights violations aound•!he New So*iety "1%$/ 1%$>'•!he agenda is outlined ar*os7 9oo #otes on the #ew Society !he poor and ri*h should share *o00on vision to help in nationuilding

!he goal is to lierate the Philippines through sel+ErealiBation•ar*os seiBed the oligar*hies7 usinesses "the elites'•!hese usinesses were *ontrolled y *ronies “Crony Captialism”"revenge against his politi*al ene0ies' !he 9eginning o+ ar*os onopolies•Silen*ing o+ the Press in the na0e o+ the State

The #e Societ/ (1973 – 197)

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8nder the New So*iety ar*os laun*hed a nu0er o+ re+or0s•Pea*e and 4rder•5and )e+or0•(*ono0i* Develop0ent•Develop0ent o+ oral alues

•@overn0ent )e+or0s•(du*ational )e+or0•So*ial Servi*es

The #e Societ/•President ar*os was seen as the =ather while 20elda was the othero+ the people

Tourism 2nder the #e Societ/•!o generate touris0, a 0assive *a0paign was undertaen under thear*os di*tatorship

•A*tive pro0otion o+ the Philippine as a eauti+ul land•5o*al tourist destinations were *reated $i"e", #ayong Pilipino%•any -Estar hotels were *onstru*ted•Culture and *ultural venues were *reated $i"e", CCP, &ol' (rts )heateretc"%

%conomic e0eloment and .n&rastructural Proects 2nder the#e Societ/•!o generate e*ono0i* develop0ent, ar*os *reated the National(*ono0i* and Develop0ent Authority to over see nationaldevelop0ent

•Nu0erous in+rastru*tural proe*ts were also undertaenHydroEele*tri* da0s, @eother0al and Nu*lear Power Plants9ridges "San *uanico +ridge', airports, highways, hospitals, ports,irrigations syste0s et*.

The #e Societ/ (1973 – 197)•However, under the auspi*es o+ the New So*iety, the usinesses andindustries o+ ar*os Cronies prospered while the rest o+ the nation*ontinued to suGer +ro0 poverty

The 1973 Constitution

Nu0erous *hanges were 0ade to the 1%$/ Constitution•Sees to e0power the youth to tae part in nationEuilding•5owering o+ the voting age to #1 and the illiterates *an vote•2t estalishes the lo*al arrio "barangay ' govern0ent•!he *reation o+ a Sandiganbayan to try *ases o+ gra+t and *orruptionand the 4F*e o+ the )anodbayan "40uds0an'•!he +or0al adoption and develop0ent o+ =ilipino as the National5anguage

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The 1973 Constitution•!he estalish0ent o+ a Parlia0entary Syste0 o+ @overn0ent!he President serves as a sy0oli* head o+ state!he Pri0e inister e:er*ise e:e*utive power

!he Cainet inisters under the Pri0e inister

The 1973 Constitution8ni*a0eral 5egislative 9ody National Asse0ly "Parlia0ent'•!he )egional )epresentatives•!he Se*toral )epresentatives)epresenting the Youth "5uBon, isayas, indanao, Any )egion')epresenting the 2ndustrial 5aor "5uBon, isayas, indanao')epresenting the Agri*ultural Se*tor "5uBon isayas, indanao'

The %lections 2nder Martial $a

in 1%$> and 1%>1•ar*os held ele*tions in 1%$> "@eneral (le*tion +or 0e0ers o+ theNational Parlia0ent' and 1%>1 "Presidential' to answer *riti*s and tostailiBe the *ountry7s *haoti* *ondition.•ar*os and his people, won as e:pe*ted in oth ele*tions•!his te*hni*ally "legally' e:tended his ter0 as President o+ the)epuli* o+ the Philippines•!his intensi<ed the oppression and +ueled resistan*e +ro0 variousse*tors

Marcos ictatorshi (197 – 191)

8nder the ar*os )egi0e he *onstantly +a*ed the prole0s +ro0 three0ain groups "triple threat'1.!he Co00unists#.!he usli0 Separatists/.4pposition 5eaders $+enigno (!uino , and others%

The 197 Parliamentar/ %lections•A general ele*tion was held +or the ele*tion o+ the 166 "out o+ #&>'regional representatives +or the 2nteri0 +atasang Pambansa "National5egislature'•!he party o+ ar*os7 )egi0e was -ilusang +agong .ipunan "59' o+

the New So*iety ove0ent "20elda was the party president'•!he leading opposition party was .a'as ng +ayan "5A9AN'•!he )esults o+ the (le*tion was largely do0inated y the 59 ase:pe*ted

%nd o& Martial $a•artial law was <nally li+ted y President ar*os on ;anuary 1$, 1%>1

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!his was also li+ted in preparation +or the =irst Pastoral isit y ;ohnPaul 22 in =eruary, 1%>12t was said that li+ting o+ the 0artial law was one o+ pre*onditions +orhis *o0ingDuring his visit he *anoniBed 5orenBo )uiB as the 1st =ilipino Saint

•Di*tatorship *ontinued and opposition persisted

The 191 Presidential %lections•ar*os "59' ran against @en. Aleo Santos "NP' +or the 1%>1Presidential (le*tionar*os won %1.? o+ the voteSantos won >.6ar*os won y a 0argin o+ over 16 0illion votes•ho was Aleo SantosO9orn ;uly 1$, 1%11 +ro0 9ustos, 9ula*anServed as Captain o+ the 8SA==( in #

•Parti*ipated in the 5ast Stand in 9ataan•as *aptured ut es*aped and e*a0e a @uerilla =ighterServed as Congress0an +or 9ula*anServed as Se*retary o+ National De+ense under President @ar*iaServed as Head o+ 9ureau o+ Prisons "appointed y ar*os'Died =e. 1>, 1%>?

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