lecture 12:lecture 12: the cytoskeleton (iii): molecular motors … · 2012-08-08 · cytoskeleton...
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BME 42-620 Engineering Molecular Cell Biology
Lecture 12:Lecture 12:
The Cytoskeleton (III): Molecular Motors
f CMechanical Properties of Cytoskeletal Polymers
1BME42-620 Lecture 12, October 06, 2011
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Course Administration Notes (I)
• Correction: Midterm exam: October 27, 2011; Take-home exam; Instructions handed out at the end of the class.
• Midterm exam format:
1) conceptual and factual questions based on lectures and the textbook;1) conceptual and factual questions based on lectures and the textbook; 2) a literature-based research project;3) Due October 31 Monday 12:00Noon at Mellon Institute 403; 4) Regular lectures will continue as scheduled.
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Outline
• Overview of molecular motors• Overview of molecular motors
• The myosin superfamily; Myosin motilityy y y y
• The kinesin superfamily; Kinesin motility
• The dynein family; Dynein motility
• Mechanical properties of cytoskeletal polymers
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Outline
• Overview of molecular motors• Overview of molecular motors
• The myosin superfamily; Myosin motilityy y y y
• The kinesin superfamily; Kinesin motility
• The dynein family; Dynein motility
• Mechanical properties of cytoskeletal polymers
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Overview of Molecular Motors
• Myosin walks on actin filaments.
• Kinesin and dynein walks onmicrotubulemicrotubule.
• Motor (head) domainMotor (head) domain- Produces force and motion
• Tail domain- Adapts to different cargoes
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Vale RD, Cell, 112:467,2003
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Motor Behavior Parameters
• Parameters that characterizing motor behaviors- processivity: run-length, number of steps- step size- stall force
• Myosin is nonprocessive.
• Kinesin and dynein are both processive. Processivity ofKinesin and dynein are both processive. Processivity of dynein is weaker.
• Motors walk nano meter scale steps of specific lengths• Motors walk nano-meter scale steps of specific lengths.
• Stall force is on the pico-Newton level.
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Relations Between Molecular Motors and Cytoskeleton PolymersCytoskeleton Polymers
• Interactions between motors and cytoskeletal polymers aredynamic and complexdynamic and complex.
• Cytoskeletal polymers provide dynamic tracks for molecular• Cytoskeletal polymers provide dynamic tracks for molecularmotors to walk on.
• Molecular motors active interacts with cytoskeletal polymers. For example, p ,
- Molecular motors transport cytoskeletal polymers, e.g. in neurons.- Molecular motors, e.g. MCAK, regulate cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Example: Active Transport of Neurofilaments
N. Hirokawa, J. Cell Biol. 94:129, 1982
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Wang, L. & Brown, A. (2010). A hereditary spasticparaplegia mutation in kinesin-1A/KIF5A disruptsneurofilament transport. Molecular Neurodegeneration, 5:52
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Outline
• Overview of molecular motors• Overview of molecular motors
• The myosin superfamily; Myosin motilityy y y y
• The kinesin superfamily; Kinesin motility
• The dynein family; Dynein motility
• Mechanical properties of cytoskeletal polymers
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Myosin Family
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Example: Structure of Head of Myosin-II
• Muscle myosin (Myosin II): 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains
• Light chain stabilizes the heavy chain α-helix.ELC: essential light chain- ELC: essential light chain
- RLC: regulatory light chain
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Protein Analysis Using Gel Electrophoresis
• Proteins can be separated based on their molecular weights and analyzed using gel g y g gelectrophoresis
• Gels (e g polyacrylamide-gel) are used toGels (e.g. polyacrylamide gel) are used to generate a viscous matrix through which protein molecules move.
• Ionic detergent such as SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) binds to hydrophobic regions of proteins so that they unfold andregions of proteins so that they unfold and negatively charged.
• SDS PAGE: SDS polyacrylamide gel
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• SDS-PAGE: SDS polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis
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Identification of Heavy Chain & Light Chain
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Mechanical Parameters of Myosiny• Velocity
- Varies substantially between different familiesyMyosin II: 6000 nm/secMyosin V: 200 nm/sec
• Force- Ranging between 1~10 pN
• Step- Myosin II: 5 nm- Myosin V: 36 nm
• Run-length
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Run length- up to several hundred nm
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Outline
• Overview of molecular motors• Overview of molecular motors
• The myosin superfamily; Myosin motilityy y y y
• The kinesin superfamily; Kinesin motility
• The dynein family; Dynein motility
• Mechanical properties of cytoskeletal polymers
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Kinesin Families
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Structure of Different Kinesin Families
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Vale RD, Cell, 112:467,2003
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Mechanical Parameters of Kinesin
• Velocitytypically 1 μm/sec- typically ~ 1 μm/sec
• Stall forceStall force- up to 7 pN
• Step- 8nm (size of tubulin heterodimer)
• Run length- typically ~1 μm
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Kinesin and Myosin are Structurally Similar
• Kinesin head is less than half of the size of a myosin headthe size of a myosin head.
• Kinesin and myosin lack similarity in amino acid sequence.
• Kinesin head is folded in a wayKinesin head is folded in a way similar to the ATP binding core of the myosin head.
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Outline
• Overview of molecular motors• Overview of molecular motors
• The myosin superfamily; Myosin motilityy y y y
• The kinesin superfamily; Kinesin motility
• The dynein family; Dynein motility
• Mechanical properties of cytoskeletal polymers
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Dynein
• Two classesaxonemal dynein: cilia and flagella- axonemal dynein: cilia and flagella
- cytoplasmic dynein
• Subunits- DLC- DLIC- DIC- DHC
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Axonemal and Cytoplasmic Dynein
Vale RD, Cell, 112:467,2003
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Dynein: Basic Parameters
• Function in vivo requires dynactinSchroer TA, Dynactin, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.,
• Velocityaxonemal: can be up to 7 μm/sec
20:759-79, 2004
p μcytoplasmic: typically ~ 1 μm/sec
• Stall forceup to 7 pN
Adapted from Schliwa & Woehlke, Nature, 422:759, 2003
• Step: multiples of 8nm
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Dynein: Processivity
• Processivity of dynein is relatively poorpoor.
• Dynein can undergo lateral and y gbackward motion on microtubule.
Gennerich, A., Carter, A.P., Reck-Peterson, S.L. and Vale, R.D. (2007) F i d d bidi ti l t i f t l i D i C ll 131 952
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Force-induced bidirectional stepping of cytoplasmic Dynein. Cell 131: 952.
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The Rotating Crossbridge Model
• Motors cycle through attached and detached states.and detached states.
• Motors undergo amplified conformational change duringconformational change during attached state.
Motors undergo conformational• Motors undergo conformational recovery during detached state.
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Jonathon Howard, Mechanics of Motor Proteins and the Cytoskeleton, Sinauer Associates, 2001
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Outline
• Overview of molecular motors• Overview of molecular motors
• The myosin superfamily; Myosin motilityy y y y
• The kinesin superfamily; Kinesin motility
• The dynein family; Dynein motility
• Mechanical properties of cytoskeletal polymers
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Polymer Mechanics (I)
• Rationale: characterizing mechanical properties ofindividual filaments as a starting point for understandingindividual filaments as a starting point for understandingmechanical properties of tissues and organs.
• Polymer mechanics is an established research field. - A classic treatment: M. Doi & S.F. Edwards, The theory of polymer dynamics Oxford University Press 1986dynamics, Oxford University Press, 1986.
• Investigating the mechanics of biopolymers in cells is avery active research field.
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Polymer Mechanics
• We will take a simplified approach here.
• Theory of elasticity holds at the scale of single filaments.
• Cytoskeleton polymers are modeled as thin and slender beams.
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Basic Properties
• Bending rigidityg g y
• Drag coefficient
• Buckling force
• Persistence length
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Bending Rigidity• Basic equation 1M EI
R
: Radius of curvature: Torque; bending moment
R
RM
: Young's modulus: second moment of inertia
: bending (flexural) rigidity
EIEI
• Bending rigidity of cytoskeletal filaments is generally independent of bending direction since cytoskeletalfilaments have approximately circular or helical symmetry.
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filaments have approximately circular or helical symmetry.
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Cantilever Beam Under Small-Angle Bending
• Deflection
2 3
2 6F Lx xy xEI
• Spring constant
3
3F EIky L L
y
Mechanics of Materials 7th ed J M Gere & B J Goodno 2008
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Mechanics of Materials, 7th ed., J. M. Gere & B. J. Goodno, 2008
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Examples: cantilever beam modelsp• Glass cantilever beam
r = 0.25μm, L = 100 μmμ , μE=70 GPa, I=(/4)r4=310-27
k=0.64 pN/nm
• MicrotubuleEI=30 10-24N·m2. L = 10 μmk = 0.00009 pN/nm
• Coiled coilEI=400 10-30N·m2. L = 8 nmk = 2.34 pN/nm
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Questions ?
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