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Anthropology 103, Archaeology and CultureLecture Outlines/Study Guides

Lecture 1: What is Anthropology?

Holistic/multidisciplinary

Fields of AnthropologyPhysical

PaleontologyPrimatologyHuman VariationForensics

CulturalEthnologyEthnographyApplied AnthropologyEthnohistory

LinguisticDescriptiveSocialHistorical

ArchaeologyOld World: biblical, classical, Bronze Age, etc.New World: prehistoric, historic

Culture ScalesSmall-scale or domestic-scale, kin-based, household main social unit

Bands: Hunter-gatherersMedium-scale or political-scale,

Tribes: hunter-gatherers, farmers, influential extended kin-groupsChiefdoms: farmers, power vested in a few individuals, collect tributeAgricultural States: formal gov’t, army, priests, rulers, highly stratified

Large-scale or commercial-scaleIndustrial states, highly stratified based on occupation, global system

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Anth 103Lecture 2: What is Culture?Culture: first defined as formal concept in the 1870s; today, a multitude of definitions exist.Definitions of CultureTopical: culture consists of everything on a list of topics or categories: social organization, religion, economy, kinship, subsistence, etc.Historical: culture is social heritage or tradition that is passed on to future generationsBehavioral: culture is shared, learned behavior; a way of lifeNormative: culture is ideals, values, or rules for livingFunctional: Culture is the way humans solve problems of adapting to the environment or living togetherMental: Culture is a complex of ideas, or learned habits, that inhibit impulses and distinguish people from animalsStructural: Culture consists of patterned and interrelated ideas, symbols, or behaviorsSymbolic: Culture is based on arbitrarily assigned meanings that are shared by a societyMaterial/nonmaterial: Culture is a set of material traits

Culture isShared/ImposedValues/normsBeliefsWorldviewIdeologyCultural hegemonyFolkwaysMoresSocietyCultural AreaCulture TypeCulture TraitLearnedEnculturationSymbolic: art, language, math, musicCultural Universals

IntergratedCultural SystemCultural Adaptions

Physical/culturalCulture Change

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Anthropology 103Lecture 3: Levels of Cultural Complexity: Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States

Culture TypesBands foragers – hunters and gathers

nomadicbase campcarrying capacityresource poor environmentsresource rich environments sexual division of laborfood sharing/reciprocityegalitarian social structureKung/Kalahari Bush PeopleNorth American Inuit/Eskimo

TribesKin groupsVillage leader/headmanHorticulture/slash and burn/swidden agriculturepastoralismintertribal warfarePublic Architecture/MonumentsYanamamo/Amazon rain forestIroquois-Cherokee/North AmericaNuer/East Africa

ChiefdomsResource rich environments Overlapping environmental zonesFood Storage/Surplus Economy/TributeRanked SocietyHereditary StatusPublic Architecture/MonumentsPolynesian ChiefdomsNorth American ChiefdomsFormal Warfare

Agricultural StatesIntensive AgricultureUrban centersArmiesSpecialized division of labor Public architecture/MonumentsKnowledge systemsSocial StratificationConquest WarfareState Collapse

Industrial StatesMechanical technologies powered by fossil fuelsMajor population growthAgricultural work less importantShift to factory/office workCapital is the economic systemRestructured social forms

Kinship ties less importantNuclear predominant family typeDivision of labor, women lower paying jobsElderly loss status

Open stratification – opportunities for upward mobility

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Anth 103, Lecture 4/Chapter 1: History of Time Depth and Evolutionary Thought

Time DepthTime LineEvolution: Systematic Change Over Large Periods of Time

Physical/Biological EvolutionCultural Evolution

Our Origins: Prescientific vs Scientific ThoughtPrescientific Thought

Creation MythsCreationismImmutable Universe

John RayWorld in Decline

Rev. Thomas BurntBen Franklin

Prescientific Age of the EarthCatastrophism

Early Scientific ThoughtScience

Physical vs Social SciencesAge of the Earth: Early Geology

James HuttonUniformitarianismWilliam SmithCharles Lyell

Age of Humans: Archaeological and Paleontological Finds1700s-1800s: Stone Tool and Fossil FindsJohn FrereNarbone, FranceFather John MacEneryChristian Jurgensen Thomsen

Three-Age SystemJacques Boucher de PerthesNeander Skull, Germany

Biology and Evolutionary ThoughtNaturalistsCarolus LinneausGeorges Cuvier: Catastrophism vs UniformitarianismCount BuffonJean de Lamarck

Charles Darwin and Synthesis of Evolutionary ThoughtSynthesisRobert WallaceConvergence

1850s-1870s: Anitiquity of Earth and Humans DiscoveredBeginning of Time Depth in Early Science

1859, Darwin, The Origin of Species1859, Lyell, Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man1859, John Preswich and John Evans

Supported de Perthes stone tools1859, John Evans

Supports tools found by John Frere in 1799Cultural Evolution

Unilineal EvolutionEdward TylerLewis Henry Morgan

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Anth 103, Lecture 5/Chapter 2 Gathering Data in Archaeology: Methods of Retrieving the Past

The Scientific MethodImportance of the Archaeological Record

History and WritingPrehistory

ArchaeologistsTime Detectives/Archaeological ReportersAsk 6 Basic Questions

Who, What, When, Where, How, and Why?Sources of Archaeological Data: Sites

SiteArtifacts and Material CultureEcofactsFeaturesSite Formation ProcessesTaphonomy

Archaeological DepositsPrimary RefuseSecondary RefuseSite PreservationUnusual Preservation Environments

DesertsCavesMountainsPeat BogsGlaciersDeep Water

Site DiscoverySite SurveySite Testing

Artifact ContentSite Excavation

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Block Excavation Site Stripping

Artifact AnalysisArtifact Types

Stone Tools--LithicsLithic Functional AnalysisUse-WearTrace Element AnalysisTrade NetworksTool Replication

PotteryAttributes

Social PatternsBurial Practices

Subsistence PracticesHuman Remains

HealthSex, Age, Race, Cause of DeathPaleopathology

ChronologyAbsolute vs Relative Dating MethodsRelative Dating Methods

StratigraphyPottery Seriation

Absolute DatingCarbon-14 Dating, C-14, AMSPotassium-Argon Dating, K-ArDendrochronologyElectron Spin Resonance Dating, ESRThermoluminescence Dating, TLObsidian Hydration DatingPaleomagnetic Dating

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Anth 103, Lecture 6: Biological Evolution

Biological Evolution: General ConceptsCharles DarwinNatural SelectionAdaptive VariationReproductive SuccessRobert Wallace

Biological Evolution: Five Main ProcessesPopulation Exceeds Food SupplyAll Organisms Have VariationPopulation Encourages CompetitionSurvival Advantages are Passed to Offspring (Reproductive Success)Adaptive Success Encourages Speciation

Biological Basis of EvolutionInheritanceGenesTraitsGenotypePhenotypeChromosomesDNARecombinationMeiosis

Population GeneticsForces of Evolution

Natural Selection and AdaptationMutationGene FlowGenetic Drift and Founder EffectRecombination

Types of EvolutionSpeciationGeographic IsolationGradualistic TheoryPunctuated EquilibriumAdaptive Radiation

Pongid-Hominid Split

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ANTH 103, LECTURE 7/CHAPTER 3EARLY HOMINID EVOLUTION

Pongid-Hominid Split, 10-7 myaMiocene Geologic Epoch

First HominidsHominid Trends

BipedalismIncreasing StatureIncreasing Brain SizeReduced RobusticityComplex Tool Manufacture and UseMosaic Evolution

Early HominidsPhysical CharacteristicsGenusSpeciesOrrin tugensisSahelanthropus tchadensisArdipithecus kadabbaArdipithecus ramidus

Gracile AustralopithecinesAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanus

Australopithecus garhiRobust Australopithecines

Australopithecus aethiopicusAustralopithecus robustusAustralopithecus bosei

Hominid Phylogeny

Homo habilisOldowan stone tool tradition

Chopper toolsFlake tools

Early Hominid IssuesHominid ProliferationBipedalismHominid BrainSubsistence PracticesClassifying SpeciesEvolutionary Rates

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ANTH 103 Study GuideLecture 8/Chapter 4Homo Erectus: Out of AfricaEarly Hominid Phylogeny-Family Tree

Traditional ModelH. habilis, H. erectus, Africa, Europe, Asia

Multiple Species Model (provisional species)H. habilis, H. ergaster (Africa)H. habilis, H. ergaster (Africa), H. antecessor (Europe), H. heidelbergensis (Europe)H. habilis, H. erectus (Asia)

Homo Erectus, 1.8 mya-300 kyaH. habilis, H. erectus, H. sapiens

Physical CharacteristicsCranial Features

Larger brain ForeheadHemispheric asymmetryFacial Prognathism Supraorbital torusProjecting nose

Post-Cranial FeaturesModern statureHeavy frame, very strongThick cortical bones--confrontation hunting

Africa: Lake TurkanaHominid Radiation

Middle EastIsrael

EuroAsiaDmanisi, Georgia

East Asia, Java ManTrinil siteNgandongSangiranFlores

ChinaZhoukoudian siteGongwangling HillLongtandong site

EuropeGeorgia, RussiaGran Dolina site, SpainBoxgrove Quarry Isernia La PinetaSoleilhac

Acheulean Hand-axe, Movius LineFood and Subsistence Practices

Daka site, EthiopiaTorralba and Ambrona sites, SpainAridos 1 and 2, SpainBoxgrove Quarry, EnglandConfrontation hunting

Hominid RadiationControlled Use of Fire

Infant Growth and DevelopmentProlonged human dependency

Secondarily altricialH. erectus: Extinction

Cultural/Physical Stability

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ANTH 103, Lecture 9/Chapter 5Neandertals: Premodern Humans

General TrendsPremodern humans: transitional between H. erectus and H. sapiens sapiensPrimitive skeletal features Modern brain sizeMore complex culture compared to H. erectusArchaic H. sapiens: 400,000 ya to 30,000 ya in Europe and southwest Asia during the Ice AgePhysically adapted to Ice Age: short height and thick, heavy bones due to environmental and lifestyleFossil Evidence

East Africa: Bodo, Ileret, NdutuSouth Africa: Broken Hill, ZambiaAsia: Narmada hominid; Jinniushan Man, Yingkou, ChinaEurope: Sima de la Huesos “The Pit of Bones”; Steinheim Skull; Swanscombe Skull fragments, Petralona skull

Cultural EvidenceCore tools, Flake tools, Levallois technique, Prepared cores

NeandertalsBoule, French scientist, “La Chapelle Man”

Cranial MorphologyBrain size: 1300-1600 ml, 1480 averageSkull: retained primitive features

oval shape thick cranial bones, large brow ridges,occipital bunmid-facial projection

Postcranial MorphologyModern appearanceCold adaptedThick cortical boneMusculoskeletal hypertrophy Confrontation hunting

CultureMousterian tool traditionStandardized tool types

SubsistenceImpact wearIsotope analysis Top-level carnivores

Compassion/Empathy

Injury/IllnessBurial of the Dead

Fetal/flexed positionsSpeech?

BasicraniumReligious Beliefs, Art and Music?

Expressive culture

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ANTH 103, Lecture 10/Chapters 5 and 6Modern Humans: Biological Evolution

First H. sapiens sapiens: Genetic Evidence

Nuclear DNAMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Cheddar Man, EnglandGene Flow

How Did Modern Humans Evolve?Replacement Model (Chris Stringer)

Multiregional Model (Milford Wolpoff)

Partial Replacement/Middle Ground Model

Replacement or Continuity:Existing Evidence?Earliest modern human fossils

Africa 100kyaMideast 90kya Asia after 90kya Europe 40kya Australia 40kya

African MigrationNeandertal ExtinctionNeandertal mtDNA Mousterian traditionAurignacian blade tradition Chatelperronian tradition

Genetic GenealogyMitochondrial EvemtDNA/Living groupsY Chromosomal Adam StudiesNeandertal genome study

Neandertal Replacement/Extinction

High infant mortality rates

Dietary/nutrional stress Enamel hypoplasia Harris lines

Environmental overadaptation Less developed frontal brain

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ANTH 103 Study GuideLecture 11/Chapter 6

Upper Paleolithic

50,000-15,000 YAEuropean Early Modern Humans

Physical CharacteristicsMajor Developments

Stone Tool TrendsStone Blades

AurignacianGravettianSolutreanMagdelanian

Subsistence TrendsMegafauna

Larger SitesComposite TechnologyNonutilitarian ObjectsExotic MaterialsMore Elaborate BurialsSophisticated Art

NonportablePictographsPetroglyphs

PortableFigurines

Geographic Distribution of ArtAustraliaAfricaEurope

Cave PaintingFigurines

Cultural Meaning of ArtArt for Art’s SakeSympathetic MagicGender Role DepictionsHistorical EventsGroup SymbolsTerritory MarkersDepict important food animalsDepict Trance States by Shaman

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ANTH 103 Study GuideLecture 12/Chapter 7: Prehistoric Migrations

Modern Human ExpansionPliocene EpochPleistocene EpochHolocene Epoch

Indonesia, New Guinea, AustraliaSundaSahulIsland-hopping Indonesia Archipelago 40,000 BP Barrier

Lake MungoPost-40,000 BP

Waisted AxesNew Guinea

Bobongara HillKosipe siteNombe site

AustraliaCoast

Upper Swan Bridge siteDevil’s Lair SiteWillandra Lakes

InteriorPuritjarra Rockshelter

TasmaniaPacific

Lapita Archaeological cultureIsland hoppingHistoric Pacific IslandersMelanesiaMicronesiaPolynesia

AmericasBering Land BrideInterior land route

Ice free corridorBluefish Cave siteMeadowcroft RockshelterNenana ComplexDenali ComplexClovis culture

SubsistenceSouth America

Sea RoutesCoastal/Maratime adaptationMonte Verde siteQuebrada Jaguay and Quebrada Tacahuay sites

First Americans—Other EvidenceSkeletalLinguistic DiversityGenetic Diversity

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Anth 103, Lecture 13/Chapter 8: The Old World Mesolithic and New World ArchaicMajor TrendsPleistocene/Ice Age Ends--Holocene BeginsBroad Environmental AdaptationEnvironmental diversity--cultural diversityModern speciesResource specialization and resource domestication SedentizationNew Foraging EquipmentLithic downsizingComplex hunter-gatherersPopulation trendsOld World Mesolithic

AfricaNorth Africa: Iberomaurusians CultureCapsian CultureExpressive Culture

Rock artEurope

Maglemosian cultureStar Carr, England

RegionalismTrade networks

Bow and ArrowCanoeDog

AsiaNorth China

blade and flake industry microblade industry

South ChinaThailand

Spirit CaveAustralia

New TechnologyGround stone axesFlaked stone adzesAustralian Small-tool phase

5,000 Cultural ChangeDingoShaft BurialsChannelsRock Art

New World ArchaicNorth America—the Archaic Period, 9,000 to 3,000 ya

Northeast ArchaicLake Forest Archaic Culture, Maritime Archaic Culture, Mast Forest Archaic Culture

Poverty Point SiteKoster Site

South AmericaPintada Cavern, Quebrada Jaguay, Quebrada Tacahuay

Complex Hunter-Gatherers Poverty Point, Natufians

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Anth 103 Study GuideLecture 14/Chapter 8The Origins of Farming

Importance of Farming—Source of Cultural ComplexityNeolithic Revolution, Food Producing Revolution, Agricultural RevolutionCauses of Agriculture

Environmental Change/Oasis theoryCultural Evolution/Readiness hypothesisPopulation GrowthAccidentMultiple causes

Causes of DomesticationArtificial SelectionDomestication/Domesticates

WheatRachis

MaizeTeosinte

Beans

Archaeological Evidence for Domestication and AgricultureGeographySize

DogsSeed MorphologyOsteological ChangesPopulation Characteristics

Early Agricultural RegionsAt least 7 independent areas (Near East, China, Paupa New Guiena, Mesoamerica, South America, North America, Africa)

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Old WorldNear East

Fertile Crescent/LevantFounder plantsAnimals

Late Pleistocene ForagersSimple Foragers

Geometric Kebararn cultureMushabian cultureZarzian and Karim Shahirian cultures

Complex foragersNatufians

Farming Model in Southewest AsiaAfrica

Neolithic Culture RegionsSavanna complex sites Forest Margin complex sitesEthiopian

Chronology of Food ProductionSahara PastoralistsSouth AfricaTropical Africa

East AsiaChina

PigRice

North ChinaSoutheast & Northeast Asia

EuropeRevolution happened many times and placesAgriculture imported from east and south

New WorldNorth America

Eastern WoodlandsSouthwest

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MesoamericaSquashTeosinteOaxaca ValleyTehuacan Valley

Ajuereado phaseEl Riego phaseCoxcatlan phaseAbejas phase Purron phaseAjalpan phase

Farming Model in Mesoamerica

South America3 Regional Neolithics in South America

Low AltitudeMid AltitudeHigh Altitude

Animal domesticationCotton

Consequences of FarmingGlobal FoodNeolithic Nutrition and HealthWarfareSocial Complexity

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New World Farming

North AmericaEastern WoodlandsSouthwest

MesoamericaSquashTeosinteOaxaca ValleyTehuacan Valley

Ajuereado phaseEl Riego phaseCoxcatlan phaseAbejas phase Purron phaseAjalpan phase

Farming Model in Mesoamerica

South America3 Regional Neolithics in South America

Low AltitudeMid AltitudeHigh Altitude

Animal domesticationCotton

Consequences of FarmingGreater sedentism and population increaseSocial Complexity Global FoodNeolithic Nutrition and Health

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Lecture 15/Chapter 9Beginnings of Complexity:Origins of Civilization

Complex SocietiesLarger populationsSedentaryProduce agricultural surplusesReligious-political systems Regional centersOrigins of ComplexityFood surplusesLabor organizationSubsistence Change and Social ChangeRanked societiesBig MenChiefdoms

Old World Complex Societies

JerichoCatalhoyukMesopotamia

Northern MesopotamiaUmm Dabaghiyah culture, pre-8,000 yaHassunan culture, 8,000-7200 BPSamarran culture, 7500 yaHalafian culture, 7500 to 6700 ya

StonehengeMegaliths

New World

MesoamericaOlmec Culture

La Venta, Tabasco, 3,650 yaSan Lorenzo, Veracruz, 3,650Laguna de los Cerros, 3,100 ya

South AmericaCaral, 4500 yaChavin, 3,000 ya

Chavin de HuantarIconography/CosmologyMeaning of Chavin Iconography/Cosmology

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Lectures 16 & 17 /Chapter 14Ranked Societies:The New and Old Worlds

Ranked Societies: CharacteristicsRegional Centers

Outlying villagesComplex hunter-gatherers and farming societiesSocial DifferencesMonuments/Labor OrganizationRegional TradeCraft TraditionsBurial Ritual

SouthwestHohokam, Sonoran Desert, southern Arizona, AD 700-1000Mogollon, AD 200-1400, highlands of eastern Arizona and New Mexico, and south into MexicoAnasazi: Ancestral Puebloan, 2500 ya-AD 1200, Four Corners area

Chaco Canyon

Eastern North AmericaComplex hunter-gatherers and farmersEarthen mounds & mound centersArchaic

Watson Brake site, Louisiana, 5,200 yaPoverty Point, Louisiana: Complex Hunter-Gatherers, 3200ya

WoodlandAdenaHopewell

MississippianMississippian Chiefdoms, AD 1100-1500

Cahokia, east St. Louis

Northwest CoastComplex Hunter-Gatherers, 2600 ya to 1800s

PotlatchOzette village

AfricaGreat Zimbabwe, South Africa

Site layoutSettlement Patterns and Hierarchy

Trade RoutesTri-level settlement system:

Status DifferencesElites vs Farmers

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ANTH 103Lecture 18/Chapters 10 & 11 Old World Civilizations/Agricultural States

CharacteristicsFood SurplusRegional Urban CentersLarge Urban PopulationsFormal Government, TheocracySocial StratificationMonumental WorksPublic WorksKnowledge SystemsComplex economyRegional and Long Distance TradeCraft/art traditionsBurial Ritual

Evolution of Agricultual StatesConflict modelsIntegration modelsHistorically particular causesMultiple Causes

MesopotamiaUbaid, 6300 yaUruk, first city, 5500—5200 yaEarly Dynastic Period, 4850-4600 yaElite Burial Ritual

Queen Pu-abi, UrSumerian Writing

EgyptEgyptian Neolithic

7,000-5,000 ya, domesticated crops6,500-5500 ya, political formation, central placesEarly Nile Valley Central PlacesNagada—lavish burials in tombs by 5500 yaHierakonopolisFirst Egyptian Writing, 5,200 yaFirst Pharaoh, 5100 yaPyramids, 4,600 ya

King Tutankamun – 18th dynasty

Nubia3,500 ya, Kerma Civilization

Kerma siteTumuli XMeroe site, 2500-2200 ya

Indus Valley CivilizationBaluchistan Hills, early sites

Mehrgarh, 9,000 yaKili Ghul Muhamad, 6,500 ya

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Mundigak, 6,000 yaIrrigation Systems

Floodplain Settlement after 6,000 yaIrrigation/Flood controlCultural convergenceFloodplain Villages

Kot Diji, 5500 yaFloodplain Cities, 4500-4000 ya

Mohenjo-daroHarappa

Floodplain City CharacteristicsPlanned Neighborhoods

Grid patternDrainage systemsHigh PopulationsResidential inequalityWriting sytemsInternational tradePeaceful

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Lecture 18/Chapters 10 & 11Old World Civilizations/Agricultural States

Minoan CreteSir Arthur EvansKing Minos, MinotaurTemple of Knossos, 3800 yaNew Temple Period, 3650-3420Eruption of Thera, 3420 bpWriting – Linear ASocial Structure marked with equality

GenderBurial customs

WarfareHuman Sacrifice?Atlantis?

Khemer KingdomCambodia

Funan, A.D. 150-550Chenla

Jayavarman IIKhemer, A.D. 800-1400

Angkor Wat, A.D. 1113Suryavarman IIbarrays

Angkor Thom

ChinaYang-shao, pre 5,000 BP

Bronze, earliest useScapulimancy

Lung-Shan, after 5,000 BPErh-li-t’ou, 3800 BPShang Dynasty, 2400 BP

Yin capitalYing Zheng – 1st emperor

1st Great WallNational road systemTerra cotta memorial

Conspicuous consumption

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Lecture 19/Chapters 12 & 13New World Civilizations

Collapse of Agricultural StatesCultural evolution and cyclicityMultiple causes of State Collapse

StressorsSystem Decline

Environmental DeteriorationEnvironmental CatastrophesConflict

InternalExternal

Mesoamerica/Central AmericaMaya, Yucatan Peninsula, 2,500 ya-AD 1500

PreClassic PeriodCivic architecture – 2,650 BP

Slash and Burn agriculture, ridged fieldsCalendarWriting System

Classic Period – 1900 BP – Mayan elements in placeSocially stratified societyMonuments-pyramids, plazas, templesCorbelled architectureDeath themes to artKnowledge Systems

ObservatoriesRitual Ball GameJadeChocolate drinks

TikalCivilization Peaks 250 – 750 ADPost Classic Period 800 AD– 16th c

Culture shifted NorthChichen Itza

Pacal the Great – BaakalCollapse

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Teotihuacan, Basin of Mexico, Central Mexico, -highlands2,000 ya-AD 7003-tiered underpinning to society

Ruler, lineages, and militaryMonumental City

Pyramid of MoonPyramid of SunAvenue of Dead

Wealth – agriculture and tradeHigh standard of Living Multi-ethnic cityDecline

Internal Conflict

Aztecs, Basin of Mexico, Central Mexico, - highlandsAD 700-1500;1325 AD Tenochtitlan-capital establishedTemple Mayor – 1325 AD

Twin Temples – god of war and agricultureWarringSocial Structure – Religion – Human sacrificeFarming villages –commoners left aloneDecline – 1519 – Hernan Cortes

South AmericaMoche culture, 1700 ya, 2200 ya to AD 600, PeruTiwanaku, AD 200-400Wari, AD 600-900Chimu/Chan Chan, AD 900-1400Inka, AD 1200-1534

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Anth 103, Archaeology and CultureLecture 20: Historical Archaeology

What is historical archaeology?Study of a time period A Method Study of the Modern World

Pre-Industrial to Industrial TransitionWorld Systems TheoryAnnales School/French Social History

Midwest: Culture History Periods/Study TopicsHistoric Native AmericansThe Settler Period

Indian Trading PostsMilitary Posts/Forts Subsistence-level Hunting HouseholdsCattle Herders/Livestock Raisers Farmsteads

Pre-Industrial SocietiesFolk/vernacular culturesself-sufficiency

Industrial Influenced Societies

Development of Commercial FarmingProgressive agricultureModernization

Development of Urban Communities, Institutions, and IndustryUrban/Industrial Archaeology

Infrastructure DevelopmentRoadsCanalsRailroadsNew Technology

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Anth 103, Archaeology and CultureLecture 21, Epilogue Chapter

Humans: Past, Present, and Future

Applied Anthropology: Problem Solving in a Modern World

Global Problems

Environmental Deterioration Global AgribusinessAir PollutionGreenhouse EffectLoss of Biodiversity

Resource DepletionCulture of ConsumptionGlobal Division of ConsumersEnergy Consumption

Global InstabilityWorld HungerCulture of DiscontentPopulation GrowthPolitical/Civil ConflictGlobal Diseases/Pandemics

Future Scenarios/OutcomesPessimists: The Doomsday Model (system collapse)Optimists: The Logic of Growth Model (continuous growth)Middle View: Sustainability Model (conservation ethic: less is more)