lecture 1-the human
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The HumanThe HumanThe HumanThe Human
HumanHuman Computer InteractionComputer Interaction
--Dix, Finlay,Dix, Finlay, AbowdAbowd, Beatle, Beatle--
Vu,Vu, ThiThi Hong NhanHong Nhan([email protected])([email protected])
Faculty of Information TechnologyFaculty of Information Technology
Vietnam National University, HanoiVietnam National University, Hanoi
((Lecture NotesLecture Notes))
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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ContentsContentsContentsContents
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction
2.2. InputInput--output channelsoutput channels
3.3. Human MemoryHuman Memory
..
5.5. EmotionEmotion
6.6. Individual differenceIndividual difference
7.7. Psychology and the design of interactive systemsPsychology and the design of interactive systems
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IntroductionIntroduction
Information i/o
visual, auditory, haptic, movement
Information stored in memory- -
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, ,
Information processed and applied
reasoning, problem solving, skill, error
Emotion influences human capabilities
Each person is different
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Input-output channelsInput-output channels
In interaction with a computer
The human input is the data output by the computer and vice verse
In humans, input mainly occurs through the senses and output through
the motor controls of the effectors
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The most important senses in HCI
Vision, hearing, and touch
The primary effectors
Eyes, ears, fingers, head and body position
Visual perception can be divided into 2 stages
Physical reception of the stimulus from the outside world
The processing and interpretation of that stimulus
Humans Computer
Input Output
OutputInput
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VisionVisionVisionVision
Eye: is a mechanism for receiving light and transforming it into electrical energy
Light is reflected from objects in the visual field and their image is focused on the
back of the eye, where it is transformed into an electrical signal and passed to
the brain
The most important components are the cornea (gic m c) and lens (th y tinh
Input-output channelsInput-output channels
th / n t ) and the retina (vng m c) with the blind spot and photoreceptors(cc
t bo nh n kch thch nh sng): rods, cones located on the fovea (h vng
m c)
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Rods are highly sensitive toRods are highly sensitive to lightlight
and are usable under lowand are usable under low
illuminationillumination
Cones are less sensitive to lightCones are less sensitive to light
and canand can distinguish colordistinguish color
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Vision:Vision: The signal interpretationThe signal interpretationVision:Vision: The signal interpretationThe signal interpretation
Input-output channelsInput-output channels
Size and depth
Visual angle indicates how much of view an object occupies
(relates to size and distance from eye)
Visual acuit th l c is abilit to erceive detail
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Familiar objects perceived as constant size
(in spite of changes in visual angle when far away)
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Vision:Vision: The signal interpretation (contd)The signal interpretation (contd)Vision:Vision: The signal interpretation (contd)The signal interpretation (contd)
Input-output channelsInput-output channels
Perception of brightness
is a subjective reaction to levels of light emitted by an object
affected by luminance of object
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Colour
The eye perceive color because the cones are sensitive to light of
different wavelengths
3-4% of the fovea is sensitive to blue, making blue acuity lower
In reality, about 8% males and 1% females are colour blind
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Vision:Vision: The signal interpretation (contd)The signal interpretation (contd)Vision:Vision: The signal interpretation (contd)The signal interpretation (contd)
Input-output channelsInput-output channels
The visual system compensates for
Movements
Changes in luminance
The context in which an object appears
the human mind
judges an object's
size based on its
background
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allows us to clearly disambiguate the
interpretation of the object
Optical illusions sometimes occur dueto over compensation
illusion
the MullerLyer illusion
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Vision:Vision: ReadingReadingVision:Vision: ReadingReading
Input-output channelsInput-output channels
Consists of several stages
The visual patterns of the words are perceived
Decoded with reference to an internal representation of
lan ua e
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The word is processed as part of the sentence or phrase using
syntactic and semantic analysis
Reading involves saccades(c ng gi t gi t c a m t)and fixations
Perception occurs during fixation
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Input-output channelsInput-output channels
HearingHearingHearingHearing
Provide information about environment: distances, directions, objects, etc.
The ear receives vibrations in the air and transmits them through various
stages to the auditory nerves
Physical sections
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u er ear: pro ec s nner ear an amp es soun
Middle ear: transmit sound waves like vibrations to inner ear
Inner ear: chemical transmitters are released and cause impulses in the auditory
nerves (th n kinh thnh gic )
Features of sound Pitch( cao th p): frequency of the sound
Loudness(c ng ): amplitude of the sound
Timbre(m s c): type/quality of the sound
Amplitude
Frequency
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Input-output channelsInput-output channels
Hearing (cont.)Hearing (cont.)Hearing (cont.)Hearing (cont.)
Humans can hear sound at frequencies from 20Hz to 15kHz
Can perceive changes at low frequency about 1.5Hz
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,
Human auditory system has a filtering system which filter out the
distracting noise to concentrate on important sounds
Cocktail party effect we still can concentrate on the conversation
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Input-output channelsInput-output channels
Hearing withHCIHearing withHCIHearing withHCIHearing withHCI
Currently sounds are still mainly used to inform some thing, e.g.,
When pressing a wrong button
Welcoming to Windows when booting
Low battery status
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Sound research has been carried out
Synthesize speech:Listening to an audio material instead of reading, which
is especially beneficial to blind people & those who have weak visual acuity
Use sounds to create effect in content displaying
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Input-output channelsInput-output channels
TouchTouchTouchTouch
Provides important feedback about environment
Stimuli are received via the receptors (c quan nh n c m) in the
skin
Thermoreceptors: hot and cold Nocice tors: ain
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Mechanoreceptors (c quan c m th c h c): pressure
Kinesthesis (c m gic v s v n ng c a t chi & c th )
Second aspect of haptic perception
Awareness of the position of the body and limbs due to receptors in the
joints
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Input-output channelsInput-output channels
Touch with HCITouch with HCITouch with HCITouch with HCI
E.g., we can perceive when a button is being pressed
New devices: haptic
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MemoryMemoryMemoryMemory
There are three types of memory function:
Sensory memories
Short-term memory or working memory
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Long-term memory
Selection of stimuli governed by level of arousal
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MemoryMemory
Sensory memorySensory memorySensory memorySensory memory
Act as buffers for stimuli received via each of senses
iconic memory: visual stimuli
echoic memory: aural stimuli
ha tic memor : tactile stimuli
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These memories are constantly overwritten by new
information coming in on these channels
Information is passed to sensory memory into short-term
memory by attention
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MemoryMemory
ShortShort--term memoryterm memoryShortShort--term memoryterm memory
Is used to store information which is only required
fleetingly
Can be accessed rapidly: ~ 70ms
Also deca ra idl : ~ 200ms
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Has a limited capacity
Humans can store 7 2 chunks of information
E.g.,
212348278493202
0121 414 2626
HEC ATR ANU PTH ETR EET
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MemoryMemory
LongLong--term memoryterm memoryLongLong--term memoryterm memory
Has an unlimited capacity, a slow access time and forgetting occurs
more slowly or not at all
Information is stored here from the STM through rehearsal
2 types of LTM
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Episodic (tnh ti t) memory represents our memory of event &
experiences in a serial form
Semantic memory is a structured record of facts, concepts, skills that
we have acquired, derived from the episodic memory
Semantic memory is structured as a network
The more general the information is, the higher is the level on which it is
stored
allows us to generalize about specific cases
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MemoryMemory
LTM:LTM: example of semantic network modelexample of semantic network modelLTM:LTM: example of semantic network modelexample of semantic network model
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MemoryMemory
LTM: FramesLTM: FramesLTM: FramesLTM: Frames
Other models about the organization of LTM
Frames
Information is organized in data structures
Have slots to add attribute values
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DOG
Fixed
legs: 4
Defaultdiet: carniverous
sound: bark
Variable
size:
colour
COLLIE
Fixed
breed of: DOG
type: sheepdogDefault
size: 65 cm
Variable
colour
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MemoryMemory
LTM: ScriptsLTM: ScriptsLTM: ScriptsLTM: Scripts
Comprise a number of elements (like slots) which can be filled with
appropriate information
Script for a visit to the vet
Entry conditions: dog ill
Roles: vet examines
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owner has money
Result: dog better
owner poorer
vet richer
Props: examination tablemedicine
instruments
treats
owner brings dog in
pays
takes dog out
Scenes: arriving at receptionwaiting in room
examination
paying
Tracks: dog needs medicine
dog needs operation
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MemoryMemory
LTM: Production rulesLTM: Production rulesLTM: Production rulesLTM: Production rules
IF-THEN rules
If information coming into the STM matches one of the
condition in the LTM, the appropriate action is executed
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IF a dog is wagging tail
THEN pat the dog
IF a dog is growling
THEN run away
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MemoryMemory
LTM: 3 main activitiesLTM: 3 main activitiesLTM: 3 main activitiesLTM: 3 main activities
Storage of informationStorage of information
Rehearsal of a piece of information from the STM (moved to LTM)
Total time hypothesis (Ebbinghaus 1885)
If the total learning time is increased, information is remembered
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better (amount retained is proportional to rehearsal time)
Distribution of practice effect (Baddeley & Longman 1978)
Optimization: the learning time should be well spread over time
Repetition alone is enough?
To help learn efficiently, information should be meaningful & familiar
So that, it can be related to existing structures
more easily incorporated into memory
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MemoryMemory
LTM: 3 main activitiesLTM: 3 main activitiesLTM: 3 main activitiesLTM: 3 main activities
Forgetting: 2 main theories of forgetting
Decay
information held in the LTM is gradually lost but slowly
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Inference
New information replaces old one (retroactive interference)
The older information interferes with the newly acquired information
(proactive inhibition)
Forgetting is affected by emotional factors too
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MemoryMemory
LTM: 3 main activitiesLTM: 3 main activitiesLTM: 3 main activitiesLTM: 3 main activities
Retrieval: 2 types of retrieval
Recall
information reproduced from memory can be assisted by cues (e.g.,
the category in which information can be placed)
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Recognition
information gives knowledge that it has been seen before
Less complex than Recall
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Require different amount of knowledge
Some thinking are very directed and the knowledge required is
constrained
Others re uire vast amounts of knowled e from different
ThinkingThinkingThinkingThinking
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domains
Thinking can be divided in
Reasoning : deductive(di n dch), inductive(quy n p),
aductive(Truy kch)
Problem solving
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ThinkingThinking
ReasoningReasoningReasoningReasoning
Is the process in which we use the knowledge to draw conclusion or infer
something new about the domain of interest
Deductive reasoningDeductive reasoning
Derive the logically necessary conclusion from the given premises
E.g. If it is Friday then she will go to workIt is Friday
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Therefore she will go to work
Logical conclusion not necessarily true
E.g. If it is raining then the ground is dry
It is raining
Therefore the ground is dry When the truth and logical validity clash
E.g.Some people are babies
Some babies cry
Inference - Some people cry
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ThinkingThinking
ReasoningReasoningReasoningReasoning
Inductive reasoning
generalizing from cases we have seen to infer information about
cases we have not seen
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E.g., all elephants weve been have trunks, therefore all elephants
have trunks
Unbelievable Can only prove False not True
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ThinkingThinking
ReasoningReasoningReasoningReasoning
Adduction
Reasons from event to cause
E. ., Sam drives fast when drunk
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If I see him driving fast, assume drunk
Unbelievable
Can lead to false explanation
But still useful
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ThinkingThinking
Problem solvingProblem solvingProblem solvingProblem solving
Is the process of finding a solution to unfamiliar task, using the
knowledge we have
There are different views on problem solving
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Gestalt theoryGestalt theory
problem solving is both productive and reproductive
productive draws on insight and restructuring of problem attractive but not enough evidence to explain ` insight' etc.
move away from behaviourism and lead towards information processing
theories
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ThinkingThinking
Problem solving (cont.)Problem solving (cont.)Problem solving (cont.)Problem solving (cont.)
Problem space theoryProblem space theory
problem space comprises problem states
problem solving involves generating states using legal operators
People use these operators to move from the initial state to the goal state
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heuristics may be employed to select operators
Use of analogyUse of analogy
Problems solved by mapping knowledge relating to a similar knownproblem domain to the new problem
Analogical mapping
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ThinkingThinking
Skill acquisitionSkill acquisitionSkill acquisitionSkill acquisition
Information structure is fine tuned at a deep level to
enable efficient and accurate retrieval
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The learners uses general-purpose rules to interpret facts about
a problem
Develop rules specific to the task using proceduralization The rules are tuned to speed up performance, using
generalization
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ThinkingThinking
Errors & mental modelsErrors & mental modelsErrors & mental modelsErrors & mental models
Types of errors
slips
Right intention, but failed to do it right
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, .
Changes in context of skilled behaviour can cause error
Mistakes
wrong intention
An incorrect understanding of a situation can cause errors
because humans tend to create mental models , based on
experience, which may differ from the actual situation
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Various theories of how emotion workstheories of how emotion works
James-Lange: emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response
to a stimuli
EmotionEmotionEmotionEmotion
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Cannon: emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli
Schacter-Singer: emotion is the result of our evaluation of our
physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we are in
Emotion clearly involves both cognitive and physical responses to
stimuli
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Emotion (cont.)Emotion (cont.)Emotion (cont.)Emotion (cont.)
The biological response to physical stimuli is called
affect
Affect influences how we respond to situations
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positive creative problem solving
negative narrow thinking
Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks; positive
affect can make it easier to do difficult tasks
(Donald Norman)
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Emotion (cont.)Emotion (cont.)Emotion (cont.)Emotion (cont.)
Implications for interface design
stress will increase the difficulty of problem solving
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relaxed users will be more forgiving of shortcomings
in design
aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interfaces will
increase positive affect
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Individual differencesIndividual differencesIndividual differencesIndividual differences
The principles and properties discussed apply to the
majority of people
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But humans are NOT the same at all
Differences should be taken into account in the design
E.g., Divide the users into the target groups
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Some direct applications
e.g. blue acuity is poor
blue should not be used for important detail
However, correct applicationcorrect application generally requires understanding of
Psychology & the design of interactive systemsPsychology & the design of interactive systemsPsychology & the design of interactive systemsPsychology & the design of interactive systems
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context in psychology, and an understanding of particular
experimental conditions
A lot of knowledge has been distilled in
guidelines (chap 7)
cognitive models (chap 12)
experimental and analytic evaluation techniques (chap 9)
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SummarySummarySummarySummary
InputInput--output channelsoutput channels
Human MemoryHuman Memory
ThinkingThinking
Individual differenceIndividual difference
Psychology and the design of interactive systemsPsychology and the design of interactive systems
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