lecture 1. philosophy_in_general
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Philosophy, its object and functions
![Page 2: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The term “philosophy” comes from the Greek language. It consists of two words :
philos, (love, or philia – friendship, affection привязанность) and
sophos (learned scholar ученый муж, sage, or sophia - wisdom, knowledge, talent).
![Page 3: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A brief etymological interpretation sounds like “love wisdom”
![Page 4: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The first who used this word, was Pythagoras. He did not dare (не отважился) to call himself as wise man, in his view: it is only God is wise, there’s only God’s wisdom.
![Page 5: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
So, here one of the first symbols of wisdom, philosophy – Iris, (the rainbow as a bridge between earth people and sky gods).
![Page 6: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
For the ancient Greek philosophers philosophy was not only a form of knowledge, learning, but also a form of life, existence. And even the first form or way of life (образ жизни).
![Page 7: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How can or should begin philosophy in each case? And how a single person attached (приобщается) to it?
![Page 8: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Various thinkers have different answers to this question. Plato began to widely use the term “philosophy” in his “Dialogues”.
![Page 9: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Then, Aristotle believed that philosophy begins with wonder. (удивление)
![Page 10: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Wonder in front of the mystery of the world, its unity and diversity (многообразие), its infinity. To be surprised and to see something in its untouched pristine (первозданность) is very difficult.
![Page 11: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Interpretation of the wisdom of Democritus rightly points out (указывает) that philosophy can not be reduced to knowledge. Although in-depth knowledge is necessary for a wise.
![Page 12: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
For, as pointed out by another ancient Greek philosopher – Heraclitus, “knowledge of much doesn’t teach to be wise”
![Page 13: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Descartes saw the real beginning of philosophy in doubt.
![Page 14: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Philosophical knowledge is knowledge of a hole (целое), integrity of the hole. “The world as a whole” – that could be defined as the subject of philosophy.
![Page 15: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The hole combines, integrates parts, provides them into unity. It is clear that only something in common and significant can ensure (обеспечивать) unity of the objects.
![Page 16: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
However, it should not be taken so that philosophy does not show any interest in the parts. Of course, a hole doesn’t exist without parts.
![Page 17: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
But the parts are taken here in that connection that leads to a whole, include them in the general chain (цепь) of the global process, in the fundamental unity of the world.
![Page 18: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
It is also important to have in view that philosophy is internally dissected (внутренне расчлененное) formation consisting of independent philosophic studies:
![Page 19: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Ontology – study of being• Gnoseology – theory of cognition• Epistemology - study of knowledge• Philosophical anthropology –
study of man• Social philosophy – philosophy of
society
![Page 20: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Aesthetics – study of the beauty• Logic – study of thinking• Futurology – study of the future• Axiology – study of values• Ethics – study of morality
![Page 21: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Directly to “the world as a whole” goes only ontology. But, this does not mean that there no study of the whole, integrity in other philosophical disciplines.
![Page 22: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Social philosophy studies the direction of the historical process (what is the history?), paradigms, i.e., model-patterns of social life of people
![Page 23: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
In all its forms philosophy teaches “the holistic (целостное) thinking”, an integrated interpretation of all existing parties, all aspects of human existence.
![Page 24: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Philosophical knowledge, then, should be classified as problematic one. The problem enter philosophy exdefinitio (by definition).
![Page 25: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
In a rigorous, logical-philosophical approach the problem reveals (обнаруживает) its true meaning – to be an issue on which there is no answer in the existing system of knowledge, but which, nevertheless, growing out from it.
![Page 26: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The problem is a kind of knowledge about ignorance, the bridge from the known world into the unknown world.
![Page 27: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
In this context we can understand the Socratic phrase: “I know that I know nothing”
![Page 28: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
And indeed, expanding (расширяя) the circle of knowledge, we increase the area of contact with the world of ignorance, or the unknown.
![Page 29: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
There are problems in any science, but in philosophy they have eternal nature. That is philosophy deals with the problems, which don’t have any final decision, solution.
![Page 30: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Each era and every great thinker give their own interpretation, understanding and resolution of philosophical problems – more or less authentic (достоверное), compelling (убедительное), but a very relative.
![Page 31: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Philosophical knowledge is not only problematic, but alternative. Philosophy makes a lot of different responses on any fundamental question . There is no the Answer, but there are a lot of answers.
![Page 32: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Philosophical knowledge is also critical knowledge. Philosophy checks all the dogmas, teachings, authority, all the values that have circulated (имеют хождение) in society.
![Page 33: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Philosophical criticism reveals (выявляет) limitations and the relativity of all knowledge.
![Page 34: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
In this respect, philosophy is different than rhetoric which convinces (убедить) the listener in one way of the truth.
![Page 35: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The main instrument of philosophy is not conviction (убеждение), and the discovery and critical test the truth.
![Page 36: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Criticism is naturally connected with reflection. Reflection is self-conscious (самоосознающее) or cognitive thinking, self-aware (самоосознающее) knowledge search. Reflective thought is a thought, turned on itself.
![Page 37: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Philosophical knowledge can be described as well as humanistic knowledge. In this case, we investigate person as a philosophical phenomenon because he exists in this world.
![Page 38: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Philosophy interests in universality in its human, humanistic dimension and meaning. Philosophy explores the world, displayed (отображенный) on the person.
![Page 39: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Knowledge becomes philosophical knowledge when it is projected on the human being and is involved in the formation of his worldview.
![Page 40: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Philosophy and science
![Page 41: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Solution of the question “is philosophy science?” depends on how we understand science and how we evaluate philosophy. Science is usually identified with a system of true knowledge, but it is an exagge’ration (преувеличение).
![Page 42: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
First, the foundation of any science has highly uncertain character.
![Page 43: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Second, at the highest level of science there exists its heterogeneity (неоднородности): contradictory theories, unproven theorems, purely hypothetical constructs, paradoxes.
![Page 44: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Third, science is a social institution, i.e., social diversity which contains people, their research roles, misconceptions (заблуждения), prejudices (предрассудки) and rumors (слухи).
![Page 45: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Philosophy has more comprehensive (объемлющий) nature, intended to generalize the truth. Philosophy unites not only scientific, but religious, ethical, aesthetic theories and opinions.
![Page 46: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Historical types of outlook: mythology, religion, philosophy
![Page 47: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
World outlook is a system of views on the reality and human’s place in it in a certain historic-cultural epoch.
![Page 48: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Outlook has a definite structure: everyday and scientific knowledge, creeds (убеждения), faith, principles etc.
Outlook carries out the function of human’s knowledge of the outer world.
![Page 49: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Outlook has two levels:
1)rational-theoretical level
2)daily and practical level
![Page 50: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
There are three historical types of outlook:MythologyReligionPhilosophy
![Page 51: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Mythology is a system of legends, in which it’s stated the understanding of the emergence and structure of the world and man as its inherent element.
![Page 52: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Myth is the first form of cultural activity of man. Cosmogonic myths are about the origin of the universe. Cosmological myths are about the structure of the universe.
![Page 53: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Religion is a faith in the supernatural substance, which is based on a strong system of moral norms and the special organization of people (sanctuary- храм).Faith is a form of existence of religion.
![Page 54: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Religious outlook is characterized by…
1. Symbolism (each a significant phenomenon in nature or history is regarded as a manifestation of God’s will)
![Page 55: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
2. The world is divided on the worldly and otherworldly spaces
3. Time is associated with a sacred history
![Page 56: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Definition of philosophy
![Page 57: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
So, as much it’s defined before: «Philosophy is the study of fundamental laws of the world, man and man’s place in this world»
![Page 58: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Philosophy is focused on three key elements:
- nature, - social life, - human.
![Page 59: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The question of relation between matter and consciousness is one of the main questions in philosophy
![Page 60: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
This question has two aspects: 1. What comes first: matter or
consciousness? (materialists and idealists)
2. Can we cognize the world? (Gnostics and Agnostics)
![Page 61: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Functions of philosophy
![Page 62: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Four basic functions of philosophy:
1. Outlook function of philosophy is the ability to give a united picture of the world in general, to combine data of sciences, arts, practices.
![Page 63: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
2. Methodological function is to identify ways to achieve some goal, such as scientific knowledge, aesthetic creativity, social practice.
![Page 64: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
3. Humanistic function is implemented in a very careful attention to the man, this function is referring to man as the active phenomenon.
![Page 65: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
4. The practical function of philosophy is, above all, the aspiration to moral, ethical virtue of the people.
![Page 66: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Philosophy course consists of…
history of philosophy
and
theory of philosophy
![Page 67: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Periods of evolution of philosophy: The ancient oriental philosophy The philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome Medieval philosophy The philosophy of Renaissance The New Age Philosophy German classical philosophy Philosophy of the 19th century Philosophy of the 20th century Present-day Philosophy
![Page 68: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Key FINDINGS
![Page 69: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
• Philosophy is the subjective search for answers to the fundamental issues of existance.• Philosophy is ethical man’s
attitude to the world.
![Page 70: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
• Appointment of philosophy is an understanding the world and human security of the universal conditions of improvement.
![Page 71: Lecture 1. philosophy_in_general](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061304/549699a9b4795920468b4745/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Thank you for your attention...