LectureLecture 1 1

Metrology as a science. Physical sizes. Metrology as a science. Physical sizes. Measuring means.Measuring means.

Associate prof . M.M. Mykhalkiv Associate prof . M.M. Mykhalkiv Associate prof . L.V. VronskaAssociate prof . L.V. Vronska

OutlineOutline

1.1. MetrologyMetrology. . The state service of metrology The state service of metrology and standardization. and standardization.

2.2. Physical quantityPhysical quantity: essence, numerical value : essence, numerical value and units. and units.

3.3. Basic and derivatives of Basic and derivatives of Physical quantitiesPhysical quantities and their units. and their units.

4.4. The system of The system of Physical quantity Physical quantity units of SI. units of SI.

5.5. The measuring means and metrological The measuring means and metrological descriptions (characteristics). descriptions (characteristics).

1. 1. MetrologyMetrology. . The state service of The state service of metrology and standardization.metrology and standardization.

• Metrology Metrology (from grec. (from grec. memetrontron is a measure is a measure and and logoslogos is a word) - the science of is a word) - the science of measurement, methods and means to ensure measurement, methods and means to ensure their unity and ways to achieve the required their unity and ways to achieve the required accuracy. So, metrology - the science of the accuracy. So, metrology - the science of the measures.measures.

Tasks of metrologyTasks of metrology::

• The measurementThe measurement is finding of the Physical quantity by an experimental way by the special of technical means.

• Metrological traceabilityMetrological traceability - is a condition of measurements at which their results are expressed in legalized units and measurement errors are known with a given probability.

• Measurement accuracyMeasurement accuracy - is characterized by the approach of the results to the real value of the measured quantity.

Metrology is divided on:Metrology is divided on:

• Scientific or fundamental metrologyScientific or fundamental metrology

• Applied, technical or industrial metrologyApplied, technical or industrial metrology

• Legal metrologyLegal metrology

• Scientific or fundamental metrologyScientific or fundamental metrology is studying of is studying of the theoretical bases.the theoretical bases.

Scientific or fundamental metrology concerns the Scientific or fundamental metrology concerns the establishment of quantity systems, unit systems, establishment of quantity systems, unit systems, units of measurement, the development of new units of measurement, the development of new measurement methods, realisation of measurement measurement methods, realisation of measurement standards and the transfer of traceability from these standards and the transfer of traceability from these standards to users in society. The BIPM maintains a standards to users in society. The BIPM maintains a database of the metrological calibration and database of the metrological calibration and measurement capabilities of various institutes measurement capabilities of various institutes around the world. These institutes, whose activities around the world. These institutes, whose activities are peer-reviewed, provide the top-level reference are peer-reviewed, provide the top-level reference points for metrological traceability. In the area points for metrological traceability. In the area of measurement the BIPM has identified nine of measurement the BIPM has identified nine metrology areas including length, mass and time. metrology areas including length, mass and time.

Applied, technical or industrial metrologyApplied, technical or industrial metrologyApplied, technical or industrial metrology concerns the Applied, technical or industrial metrology concerns the

application of measurement science to manufacturing application of measurement science to manufacturing and other processes and their use in society, ensuring the and other processes and their use in society, ensuring the suitability of measurement instruments, their calibration suitability of measurement instruments, their calibration and quality control of measurements. Although the and quality control of measurements. Although the emphasis in this area of metrology is on the emphasis in this area of metrology is on the measurements measurements

themselves, traceability of the themselves, traceability of the calibration of the measurement calibration of the measurement  devices is necessary to ensure devices is necessary to ensure confidence in the measurements. confidence in the measurements.

Legal metrologyLegal metrology

Legal metrology "concerns activities which result from Legal metrology "concerns activities which result from statutory requirements and concern measurement, units statutory requirements and concern measurement, units of measurement, measuring instruments and methods of of measurement, measuring instruments and methods of measurement and which are performed by competent measurement and which are performed by competent bodies." Such statutory requirements might arise from, bodies." Such statutory requirements might arise from, amongst others, the needs for protection of health, amongst others, the needs for protection of health, public safety, the environment, enabling taxation, public safety, the environment, enabling taxation, protection of consumers and fair trade. The OIML was protection of consumers and fair trade. The OIML was set up to assist in harmonising such regulations across set up to assist in harmonising such regulations across national boundaries to ensure that legal requirements do national boundaries to ensure that legal requirements do not inhibit trade. In Europe WELMEC was established not inhibit trade. In Europe WELMEC was established to promote cooperation on the field of legal metrology. to promote cooperation on the field of legal metrology.

• Metrology is defined by the Metrology is defined by the International Bureau International Bureau of Weights and Measuresof Weights and Measures (BIPM) as "the science  (BIPM) as "the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and of uncertainty in any field of science and technology.“ The ontology and international technology.“ The ontology and international vocabulary of metrology (VIM) is maintained by vocabulary of metrology (VIM) is maintained by the the Joint Committee for Guides in MetrologyJoint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM), a group made up of eight international (JCGM), a group made up of eight international organisations - organisations - BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIMLIUPAP, OIML and  and ILACILAC. .

Metrological serviceMetrological service is a system of is a system of organizations, separate organization or a organizations, separate organization or a separate subsection, on which laid the separate subsection, on which laid the responsibility for metrological provision of responsibility for metrological provision of measurement.measurement.

The state system of standardizationThe state system of standardization a system a system that determines the basic purpose and principles that determines the basic purpose and principles of leadership, forms and general organizational of leadership, forms and general organizational and technical rules for the implementation of all and technical rules for the implementation of all the works on standardization.the works on standardization.

A measurement standards laboratory is a laboratory of A measurement standards laboratory is a laboratory of metrology which establishes standards for a country or metrology which establishes standards for a country or organisation. organisation.

National and international standards laboratories National and international standards laboratories include:include:

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA, formerly the National Bureau of StandardsUSA, formerly the National Bureau of Standards

• National Measurement Institute, AustraliaNational Measurement Institute, Australia• National Physical Laboratory of IndiaNational Physical Laboratory of India• National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)• Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, GermanyPhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany• Centre for Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES), Centre for Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES),

FinlandFinland• Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science

(KRISS), Republic of Korea.(KRISS), Republic of Korea.• Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS), SwitzerlandFederal Institute of Metrology (METAS), Switzerland

International organizations:International organizations:

• International Bureau of Weights and International Bureau of Weights and Measures, international body, headquartered in Measures, international body, headquartered in France, one of the bodies that governs SIFrance, one of the bodies that governs SI

• Joint Committee for Guides in MetrologyJoint Committee for Guides in Metrology

• International Organization of Legal MetrologyInternational Organization of Legal Metrology

• EURAMETEURAMET

• WELMECWELMEC

SStandardizationtandardization

activities aimed at establishing provisions for activities aimed at establishing provisions for general and multiple use on existing or general and multiple use on existing or potential problems in order to achieve an potential problems in order to achieve an optimal degree of conformity of products, optimal degree of conformity of products, processes and services to their functional processes and services to their functional purpose.purpose.

2. Physical quantity2. Physical quantity: essence, : essence, numerical value and units.numerical value and units.

• A physical quantity (or "physical magnitude") is a physical property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, that can be quantified by measurement.

The physical quantity has a The physical quantity has a qualitative and quantitative sidequalitative and quantitative side

• The sort of a physical size is qualitative The sort of a physical size is qualitative definiteness of a physical quantity. definiteness of a physical quantity.

• Physical quantities which reflect qualitatively Physical quantities which reflect qualitatively the same property is called homogeneous.the same property is called homogeneous.

• The size of the physical quantityThe size of the physical quantity - the - the quantitative determination of the physical quantitative determination of the physical quantity that characterized by a particular quantity that characterized by a particular material object, the system, phenomenon or material object, the system, phenomenon or process.process.

• The value of a physical quantityThe value of a physical quantity - an assessment - an assessment of the size of the physical quantity in the form of of the size of the physical quantity in the form of a number of units received for it.a number of units received for it.

The value of the physical quantity is The value of the physical quantity is obtained by measurement or calculation:obtained by measurement or calculation:

• The true value of a The true value of a physical quantity - physical quantity - the value of a the value of a physical quantity, physical quantity, which ideally would which ideally would be consistent in be consistent in quality and quantity quality and quantity corresponding corresponding physical quantity.physical quantity.

• The real value of a The real value of a physical quantity - the physical quantity - the value of a physical value of a physical quantity that was found quantity that was found by experiment, and so by experiment, and so similar to the true value similar to the true value that can be assigned the that can be assigned the task of measuring it task of measuring it (true value) to replace.(true value) to replace.

The numerical value of the physical quantity. The numerical value of the physical quantity. Units of physical quantities.Units of physical quantities.

• The numerical value of physical quantityThe numerical value of physical quantity is a number which is included into the value of a size.

• The unit of aThe unit of a physical quantityphysical quantity is a physical quantity of the fixed size, which conditionally confer on numerical value is equal 1, applied for quantitative expression of homogeneous physical quantities.

• The unit of a physical quantity measurementThe unit of a physical quantity measurement is a this physical quantity adopted by agreement as the basis for quantifying the values homogeneous with it qualitatively.

• The size of units of measurementThe size of units of measurement is the number of the physical quantity that is contained in the unit of measurement.

3. 3. Basic and derivatives of Basic and derivatives of Physical Physical quantitiesquantities and their units. and their units.

Selection of units of physical quantities:Selection of units of physical quantities:

• a certain number of units is independently selected (basic)

• other units is set based on relations that exist between the physical quantities (derivatives)

• Basic physical quantityBasic physical quantity is a physical quantity, which is part of the system the quantities and conditionally accepted as independent of other quantities of the system

• Derivative physical quantityDerivative physical quantity is a physical quantity that is determined as part of the quantities system and basic values of the system.

The dimension of the physical quantityThe dimension of the physical quantity is an expression that shows the dependence of the value of this derivative from the basic quantities in which the proportionality factor taken as a unit.

Size and dimension of Size and dimension of physical quantityphysical quantity units units::

The size of an unitThe size of an unit is a quantitative measure of a physical quantity which is contained in it.

The dimension of an unitThe dimension of an unit is correlates of the derivative of the unit with the basic units of the system.

4. The system of 4. The system of Physical quantity Physical quantity units of SIunits of SI

• The system of units of physical quantityThe system of units of physical quantity is combination of basic and derivatives units of physical quantity, formed in accordance with the accepted principles for accepted physical quantities system.

• The international system of units was entered in 1960 by XI general conference on measures and scales (international brief name SI).

Basic units of the system of SI.Basic units of the system of SI.Quantity nameQuantity name Unit nameUnit name Unit symbolUnit symbol

LengthLength MetreMetre mm

MassMass KilogramKilogram kgkg

TimeTime SecondSecond ss

Electric currentElectric current AmpereAmpere AA

Thermodynamic Thermodynamic temperaturetemperature

KelvinKelvin KK

Amount of a substanceAmount of a substance molemole molmol

Luminous intensityLuminous intensity CandelaCandela cdcd

Named units derived from SI base units

• angle - radian (angle - radian (radrad))• solid angle - steradian (solid angle - steradian (srsr))• frequency - hertz (frequency - hertz (HzHz))• pressure, stress - pascal (pressure, stress - pascal (PaPa))• voltage (electrical potential difference), electromotive force voltage (electrical potential difference), electromotive force

- volt (- volt (VV))• electrical conductance - siemens (electrical conductance - siemens (SS))

Standard prefixes for the SI units Standard prefixes for the SI units of measure (Multiples)of measure (Multiples)

Prefix namePrefix name Prefix symbol Prefix symbol 1010nn

ExaExa

PetaPeta

TeraTera

GigaGiga

MegaMega

KiloKilo

HectoHecto

Deca Deca

EE

PP

TT

GG

MM

kk

hh

dada

1818

1515

1212

99

66

33

22

11

Standard prefixes for the SI units Standard prefixes for the SI units of measure (of measure (FractionsFractions))

Prefix namePrefix name Prefix symbol Prefix symbol 1010nn

DeciDeci

CentiCenti

MilliMilli

MicroMicro

NanoNano

PicoPico

FemtoFemto

AttoAtto

dd

cc

mm

nn

pp

ff

aa

-1-1

-2-2

-3-3

-6-6

-9-9

-12-12

-15-15

-18-18

5. The measuring means and metrological 5. The measuring means and metrological descriptions (characteristics). descriptions (characteristics).

The instruments (means) of measuring technique are a technical mean that is used during the measurement, and has normalized metrological characteristics.

The instruments (means) of measuring technique are The instruments (means) of measuring technique are included:included:

• measuring instruments

• measuring apparatus

• Measuring instrumentsMeasuring instruments is the technical mean which is used at the measurements and has normalized metrological descriptions. Measuring instrumentsMeasuring instruments realize the procedure of realize the procedure of measurementsmeasurements..

• Measuring apparatusMeasuring apparatus is instruments (means) of measuring technique, in which executed only one of component parts of only one of component parts of measurementmeasurement procedure procedure (the measuring operation).

Measuring apparatus containsMeasuring apparatus contains::

• the measure of physical quantitiesthe measure of physical quantities

• comparison apparatuscomparison apparatus

• transmittertransmitter

• scale transmitterscale transmitter

The metrological characteristics of instruments of The metrological characteristics of instruments of measuring technique are characteristics of measuring technique are characteristics of instruments (means) of measuring technique instruments (means) of measuring technique properties that influence on results and the properties that influence on results and the measurement error:measurement error:

• the variation of meter the variation of meter reading reading

• range of meter reading range of meter reading • metrological reliability metrological reliability • metrological failure metrological failure

• the range of measurementsthe range of measurements• nominal valuenominal value of a measure of a measure • sensitivitysensitivity• the threshold of sensitivitythe threshold of sensitivity• accuracy classaccuracy class

Thank you Thank you for attentionfor attention