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LECTURE 1INTRODUCTION
ECE 371Sustainable Energy Systems
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
For any growth rate, energy consumption will grow at a greater rate (As the population grows, the energy used per person also grows.)
Unless a more useful higher specific-energysource than nuclear fission is discovered, nuclear energy will potentially become the preferred energy source
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The specific energy of fuel, which is defined as the amount energy available from a fuel per unit amount of mass (e.g., kJ/kg) is an indicator of ease of using a particular fuel
1.0e41.0e6
1.0e8
1.0e10
Solar PV Wood Coal Petrol Ntl Gas H2-Chem Uranium (d,t)Nuc
1.0e12
kJ/kg
1.0e21.0e0
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Chart1
0
500
1000
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
1950
2000
2010
Billion
Year AD
Billion
Population
0.4
0.44
0.47
0.5
0.7
0.81
1
2
2.5
6
9
Chart2
Year
1750
1760
1770
1780
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Year
Actual Increments
3
3.4
3.7
4
4.2
4.4
4.7
4.8
4.95
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
8.6
9.1
9.7
20
21
21
50
66
72
82
79
72
63
60
44
36
0
Chart4
Solar PV
Wood
Coal
Petrol
Ntl Gas
H2-Chem
Uranium
(d,t)Nuc
kJ/kg
4
4.2
4.5
4.9
5
5.1
11
11.7
Sheet1
YearBillionYearFuelkJ/kg
00.417503Solar PV4.00E+00
5000.4417603.4Wood4.20E+00
10000.4717703.7Coal4.50E+00
15000.517804Petrol4.90E+00
16000.717904.2Ntl Gas5.00E+00
17000.8118004.4H2-Chem5.10E+00
1800118104.7Uranium1.10E+01
1900218204.8(d,t)Nuc1.17E+01
19502.518304.95
2000618405.1
2010918505.6
18606.1
18706.6
18807.1
18908.6
19009.1
19109.7
192020
193021
194021
195050
196066
197072
198082
199079
200072
201063
202060
203044
204036
20500
Sheet2
Sheet3
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Growth in energy consumption with stages of human development is shown below (kWh/cap-day)
Stages of Development Food Central Heating
Industry & Agriculture
Transportation Total
Primitive Humans (~106 years ago) 2 2
Hunting (~105 years ago) 3 2 5
Primitive Agriculture (~5000 B.C.) 4 4 4 12
Advanced Agriculture (~1400 A.D.) 6 12 7 1 26
Industrial (~1875) 7 32 24 14 77
Technological (~1970) 10 66 91 63 2304
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
UN projection shows a decline in annual incremental growth
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6
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Energy Density
Wood – 104 BTU/gal Coal – 1.4* 105 BTU/gal
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E10 Energy Density
My minivan has a 21 gallon gas tank. A typical fueling rate for gas stations is 10 gallons per minute. My minivan uses E10 gas. What is the energy content of E10 gas in Btu per gallon and
Wh/gal? A typical Lithium Ion battery has a volumetric energy density
of 400 Wh/L. Compare this energy density to E10. What is the equivalent power flow in Watts for a typical gas
station filling your car with E10 gasoline? If we were charging a 400 V car battery at the same rate, what
would be the equivalent charging current?8
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The next table shows the Carbon/Hydrogen (C/H) ratio for rapid changes in preferred fuels
Fuel Physical State
Atom %C Atom %H C/H Ratio
Wood Solid 90 10 9.00
Coal Solid 62 38 1.63
Oil Liquid 36 64 0.56
Octane (C8H18)
Liquid 31 69 0.44
Methane (CH4)
Gas 20 80 0.25
Hydrogen (H2)
Gas 0 100 0.009
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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Continued growth in human population withgreater growth in energy demand may not besustainable far into the future
Note: Some scientists think that just eliminating sources of carbon is not enough to prevent/cure global climate change. Carbon sequestration will be required
Intelligent power devices is an active area. Efficiency, sleep mode, reduced power mode. Take my Power Electronics Course (ECE556)
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Energy Sources In the 1850’s Whaling was the fifth-largest U.S.
Industry. The industry was so big that it was considered too
big to fail. (Like the auto industry of today.) Whale oil was considered far superior to the
competition. (Lighting, soap, margarine.) Whale oil was replaced by kerosene (petroleum) due
to scarcity and government subsidies
http://www.environmentalhistory.org/brilliant/bioenergy/the-whale-oil-myth/
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Energy Sources Between 1500 and 1660 Britain's basic fuel
supply, wood, began to fail because of increased populations, industry, and more land was cleared and cultivated.
This shortage manifested itself in a price inflation: Prices were stable in 1540s, quadrupled by the 1580s, and ten times its old level by the 1620s
It was replaced by coal, which fueled the industrial revolution
Reference: http://www.historytoday.com/alan-d-dyer/wood-and-coal-change-fuel13
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Ben Franklin Patriot – Inventor –
Environmentalist Franklin invented the
stove because he noticed the deforestation around where he lived, and reasoned that if wood use continued at its present rate, there would be no trees left.
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Ben Franklin
Franklin never patented his designs. He believed “that as we enjoy great advantages
from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours, and this we should do freely and generously”
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Energy Sources Transportation – Horses – New York City 1800 100,000 to 200,000 horses lived in New York City An average horse produces:
22 Pounds of manure every day. A quart of urine every day. (I think this is low.) Problems with flies, disease, manure piles, rain. Dead horses
This environmental catastrophe was ‘solved’ by the combustion engine automobile.
https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/09/when-horses-posed-a-public-health-hazard/ http://www.banhdc.org/archives/ch-hist-19711000.html
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https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/09/when-horses-posed-a-public-health-hazard/http://www.banhdc.org/archives/ch-hist-19711000.html
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Moral Every energy source has environmental and
economic consequences, and limitations. We don’t always know the environmental
consequences of a new technology or new energy source.
1859 - Tyndall discovers that some gases block infrared radiation. He suggests that changes in the concentration of the gases could bring climate change.
https://history.aip.org/climate/timeline.htm
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https://history.aip.org/climate/timeline.htm
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Environmental Impacts of Solar Land use - land degradation and habitat loss.
Tradeoff between food and energy?
Hazardous Materials Cleaning - hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
hydrogen fluoride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and acetone.
Production - gallium arsenide, copper-indium-gallium-diselenide, and cadmium-telluride
Energy used and carbon emitted in production of solar panels.
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-solar-power.html#.WhTvQTdrxEY 18
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Environmental Impacts of Wind Land use – Can be shared with other uses. Wildlife habitats – Birds and bats are killed. People complain about visual, vibration, and
sound issues. Energy used and carbon emitted in production
of equipment.
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-wind-power#.WhTxRzdrxEY
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Carbon
What other industries produce carbon Transportation. Electric power industry. Farming – Tilling the soil releases CO2.
Cows produce methane, which is 20 more powerful than CO2 as a greenhouse gas. Don’t eat steak…
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For those of you that don’t like the EPA or don’t believe that we
can screw things up…
https://youtu.be/nlHiaZFvcXA 21
The Cuyahoga River has caught fire a total of 13 times dating back to 1868.
https://youtu.be/nlHiaZFvcXA
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LECTURE 1�INTRODUCTIONHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVESlide Number 6Energy DensityE10 Energy DensityHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVECHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesBen FranklinBen FranklinEnergy SourcesMoralEnvironmental Impacts of SolarEnvironmental Impacts of WindCarbonFor those of you that don’t like the EPA or don’t believe that we can screw things up…Slide Number 22