lecture 1: introduction to soil remediation engineeringbaiyu/engi 9621_files/lecture 1.pdf ·...
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ENGI 9621 – Soil Remediation Engineering
Spring 2015 Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science
Lecture 1: Introduction to Soil
Remediation Engineering
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a sub-discipline of environmental engineering the development and implementation of strategies to clean up (remediate) the environment by removing the disposed hazardous soil contaminants
1.1 Definition of soil remediation engineering
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Muti-disciplinary involvement Various sources and complex cocktail of contaminants 3
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1.2 Sources of soil contamination
Infiltration of contaminated surface water Land disposal of solid and liquid wastes Accidental spill Fertilizers and pesticides …
(1) Originating on the ground surface
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Waste disposal in excavations Landfills Leakage from underground storage tanks Leakage from underground pipelines …
(2) Originating above the water table (Vadose Zone)
Waste disposal in wet excavations Deep well injection Mines …
(3) Originating below the water table (Saturated Zone)
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1.3 Common soil contaminants
Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni…) Arsenic (inorganic and organic forms) Chlorinated solvents (PCE, TCE, TCA, MC…) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) Pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphates and carbamates)
More information Visit Web of Federal Contaminated Sites at http://www.federalcontaminatedsites.gc.ca/index-eng.aspx
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1.4 Selecting and/or designing a right remediation technology
complex contaminants as well as unique site features (geology, hydrology, etc) tailored technologies are required on a site- by-site basis
(1) Site characterization:
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end goal for clean-up how clean the site is required to be risk stakeholder concerns technological feasibility and convenience effectiveness/practicality ease of integration into remediation systems cost and acceptance
(2) Comprehensive consideration for a particular site
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Steps involved in remedial action Source: USEPA, 1991
Site discovery
Preliminary assessment
Site inspection
Hazard ranking analysis
National priorities list
Remediation investigation
Remedy selection/ Record of decision
Remedial design
Remedial action
Project closeout
No federal remedial action required
Feasibility study
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1.5 Overview of Remediation technologies
(1) Technologies to remediate contaminated soil fall into two principal clean-up approaches
In-situ (which is always done on-site) deals with contamination without removing material from the ground Ex-situ (which can be done on- or off-site) requires the removal of contaminated soil for treatment or land-filling
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(2) Technologies to remediate contaminated soil fall into two classes
Source control technologies to contain or treat sources of contamination Management of migration technologies to control the movement of contaminants away from sources
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(3) Popular remediation technologies
Soil remediation
Soil Vapor Extraction In Situ Bioremediation and Natural Attenuation Soil Flushing Soil Fracturing Phytoremediation Surface capping
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Groundwater remediation
In situ Air Sparging with Vacuum Extraction In Situ Bioremediation and Natural Attenuation Pump and Treat In situ reactive walls
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Soil Vapor Extraction
Source: Suthersan, 1997
Schematic of SVE implementation in the field 16
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SVE treatment Source: WRScompass, 2008
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In Situ Bioremediation
Source: Hardisty, 2005 In-situ bioremediation implementation 18
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Injection of enhanced bioremediation product Source: G&R Remediation , www.envirocoregr.com
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Natural Attenuation
Source: Hardisty, 2005
Schematic of natural attenuation 20
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Source: NAVFAC POC, 2009 Contaminant plume formed during natural attenuation
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Soil Flushing
Source: Sharma and Reddy, 2004 Typical in-situ soil flushing in vadose zone 22
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Soil Fracturing
Source: Sharma and Reddy, 2004
Two types of soil fracturing 24
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Hydraulic Fractures Source: Slack , 1998
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Phytoremediation
Source: Suthersan, 1997
Phytoextraction of heavy metals 26
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Hybrid poplar tree for phytoextraction Source: Chappell, 1997
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Source: Federal Remediation and Technologies Roundtable, 2003
Surface Capping
Landfill Cap
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Source: Fernald Environmental Management Project, 2002 Geomembrane 29
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In situ Air Sparging with VES
Source: Hardisty, 2005
Schematic of AS-VES
(VES)
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Pump and Treat
Source: Hardisty, 2005 Schematic of pump and treat
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In Situ Reactive Walls
Source: Grubb, D. G. and N. Sitar, 1994
Reactive walls
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Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, 2003 Building reactive walls 35