Integrated Electronics

Lecture-1 Introduction to Integrated Electronics

Integrated Circuit

• A complex set of electronic components and their interconnections that are imprinted onto a tiny slice of semiconducting material. Integrated Circuits are usually called ICs or chips.

• Several hundred identical integrated circuits (ICs) are made at a time on a thin wafer several centimeters wide, and the wafer is subsequently sliced into individual ICs called chips.

• The width of each conducting line in a circuit can be made smaller and smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped below 100 nanometers and in 2014 it was expected to be in the tens of nanometers.

• There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance.

• Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances, modern computing , communications, manufacturing and transport systems, including the Internet , are now much important parts of the modern societies all depend on the existence of integrated circuits.

Early Integration

Jack Kilby, working at Texas Instruments, invented a monolithic “integrated circuit” in July 1959.

He had constructed the flip-flop shown in the patent drawing above.

Early Integration

In mid 1959, Noyce develops the first true IC using planar transistors,

•back-to-back pn junctions for isolation

•diode-isolated silicon resistors and

• evaporated metal wiring on top

Practice Makes Perfect

1961: TI and Fairchild introduced first logic IC’s

(cost ~ $50 in quantity!). This is a dual flip-flop with 4 transistors.

1963: Densities and yields improve. This circuit has four flip-flops.

Practice Makes Perfect

1967: Fairchild markets the first semi-custom chip. Transistors (organized in columns) can be easily rewired to create different circuits. Circuit has ~150 logic gates.

1968: Noyce and Moore leave Fairchild to form Intel. By 1971 Intel had 500 employees;

By 2004, 80,000 employees in 55 countries and $34.2B in sales.

The Big Bang

1970: Intel starts selling a 1k bit RAM, the 1103.

1971: Ted Hoff at Intel designed the first microprocessor. The 4004 had 4-bit busses and a clock rate of 108 KHz. It had 2300 transistors and was built in a 10 um process.

IC Types

• In the early days of integrated circuits, only a few transistors could be placed on a chip

• As the degree of integration was small, the design was done easily. Over time, millions, and today billions, of transistors could be placed on one chip, and to make a good design became a task to be planned thoroughly. This gave rise to new design methods.

IC Types• Integrated circuits are often classified by the number of

transistors and other electronic components they contain:• SSI (small-scale integration): Up to 100 electronic

components per chip• MSI (medium-scale integration): From 100 to 3,000

electronic components per chip• LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000

electronic components per chip• VLSI (very large-scale integration): From 100,000 to

1,000,000 electronic components per chip• ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million

electronic components per chip

Classification• Integrated Circuits can be classified into three

types:1. Analog 2. Digital3. Mixed Signals

Analog Integrated Circuits

• Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions like amplification, active filtering, de modulation, mixing, etc

Digital Integrated Circuits

• Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters.

• The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration.

• These digital ICs, typically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro controllers, work using binary mathematics to process "one" and "zero" signals.

Mixed Integrated Circuits

• ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a single chip to create functions such as Ac/Dc converters and Dc/Ac converters. Such circuits offer smaller size and lower cost.

ICs Advantages:

• Small size.

• Low cost.

• Very Low weight.

• Easy Replacement.

Advantages

• To start, while integrated circuits are smaller and usually require less power to operate.

• The IC is also more susceptible to electric damage from a power surge (A brief strong increase in the electrical power supplied ).

• IC's have the advantage in weight, size and power consumption. They are also less prone to damage from physical jarring(irregular movements).

Disadvantages• A potential disadvantage of integrated circuits is the

cost of replacing an IC that has failed

• Another disadvantage of integrated circuits is that design corrections and incremental design improvements are not readily made.

• One disadvantage of integrated circuits is that they can be unsuitable for custom designed equipment, because high volumes are needed in order to justify the design and tooling costs.

END OF LECTURE-1