lecture 1 introduction to computer and programming language

8/6/2019 Lecture 1 Introduction to Computer and Programming Language

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BITG 1113:Introduction to Computer and

Programming Language

LECTURE 1


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History of Electronic Computers

Have relatively short history.

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was developedin 1930 Iowa State University sole purposeof solving large numbers of simultaneous

equations.ENIAC military computer. For general

computations, but the wiring had to bereconfigured each time a new task wasperformed.

Both, once the electronic wiring was set, only thedata were input to the computers memory.


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History of Electronic Computers cont.

Mathematician John von Neumann made a majoradvance in computing theory.

Proposed an alternative to the process of reconfiguringthe wiring.

Introduced the concept of storing a computersinstructions in its own memory.

The instructions would dictate the directions andlocations to which electronic pulses would flow sameway that wires dictated the flow.

Computer built on von Neumanns concept, both data

and the computers instructions were input to thecomputers memory.

Writing computer instructions is called Programming.


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History of Electronic Computers cont.

The stored program concept led the development ofmultipurpose computers only the instructions neededto be change to change the type of problem to be solved.

Some of the computers in use today include:} Supercomputers largest & fasters of all computers. Used

primarily for large scientific or military calculations.} Mainframe computers not as fast or as large as

supercomputers. Usually take up a portion of a room and can beaccessed from remote locations on campus.

} Workstations small enough to fit on a tabletop or next to adesk. Suitable for small to medium-size business. More powerfulthan personal computers.

} Personal Computers can fit on a desktop. Also been calledmicrocomputer.

} Laptops can fit into a briefcase and are nearly as powerful aspersonal computers.

} Palmtop small enough to fit into a pocket and less powerfulthan personal computers and laptops.


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Architecture

The architecture of a typical computer,usually consists of a

} Central Processing Unit (CPU) power of the

computers.} Main Memory stores information to be

processed or instructions on how to processinformation.

}

Controllers} Peripherals devices (mass storage disks,

tapes, CDs, etc; Input/output monitors,keyboards, printers, speakers, etc).


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Using Bits

Characters and Symbols} early days of data transmission Morse code used

dashes and dots to represent characters andsymbols.

} Instead of dashes and dots, customary notation forcomputers is 0 and 1. ASCII is the code used forrepresenting characters and symbols.

} Example : Symbol ASCII Code

A 01000001

B 01000010

C 01000011

? 00111111

+ 01001110


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Using Bits cont.

Integers} Integers are represented in memory by a type of a binary or base2 system.

} Base 2 used because only 1s and 0s are needed to representdigits.

} Binary system contrasts with our everyday number system,which is decimal or base 10.

} In base 10, each placeholder represents a power of 10 with therightmost placeholder representing 100 (which is 1).

} Example : five-digit number78,326 is interpreted as (7 x 104) +(8 x 103) + (3 x 102) + (2 x 101) + (6 x 100)

} Standard binary scheme, placeholders all represent power of2.The right most placeholder represent 20.


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Using Bits cont.

Base 2 Placeholders 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Decimal value of placeholders 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Binary digits 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Binary digit times decimal value 128 0 0 16 0 4 2 0

Example : Determine the base 10 representation of the 8-bit base 2number 10010110.

Solution : Using the preceding table of placeholders, the value can be

calculates as follows:

The base 10 representation then sum of all the number in the last row,

which is 128 + 16 + 4 + 2 = 150


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Using Bits cont.

Example : Determine the8-bit binary representation of the decimalnumber 150.

Solution : can be solved by repeated comparisons of a decimal number

to the line of power of2.

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Decimal value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Compare 150 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = 128 150 128 = 22

Compare 22 1 _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ = 144 150 144 = 6

Compare 6 1 _ _ 1 _ 1 _ _ = 148 150 148 = 2

Compare 2 1 _ _ 1 _ 1 1 _ = 150 150 150 = 0

Step 1 compare the value in

column 1 to the numbers in

the line below, which are all

power of2. Put the value 1

into the location for the power

of2 which is just less than or

equal to the compare value

(put 0 into unfilled places to

the left).

Decimal

value of

the

current

binary

number

Step 2 Get

the new

compare value

by subtracting

the original

number fromthe current

number.

The final result is that decimal 150 is equal to binary 10010110


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Using Bits cont.

Hexadecimal and OctalNotation} Computer un general has

no difficulty in dealing withlarge number of 1s and 0s.

} For instance the 32-bitrepresentation of635,163,077 is00100101110110111101000111000101.

} Hexadecimal (or base 16)and Octal (or base 8)

notation can be used ashuman shorthand forrepresenting large string ofbits.

Decimal Hexadecimal Octal Bit pattern

0 0 0 0000

1 1 1 0001

2 2 2 0010

3 3 3 0011

4 4 4 0100

5 5 5 0101

6 6 6 0110

7 7 7 0111

8 8 0 1000

9 9 0 1001

10 A 0 1010

11 B 0 1011

12 C 0 1100

13 D 0 1101

14 E 0 1110

15 F 0 1111


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Using Bits cont.

The octal digits (0-7) areused to represent 3-bitgroups (ignoring the left-most 0 of the bit pattern).

And hexadecimal digits (0-F) are used to represent 4-bit groups.

For instance the bit pattern101001100110011000111011 isrepresented in octal as

51463073 as shown.Bit

pattern

101 001 100 110 011 000 111 011

Octal

Digit

5 1 4 6 3 0 7 3

And00100101110110111101000111000101 is represented inhexadecimal as 25DBD1C5as shown.

Bitpattern

0010 0101 1101 1011 1101 0001 1100 0101

hexadecimal

2 5 D B D 1 C 5


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Programming Languages

The binary code is referred to as machine language.

Machine language is the only languages that a computer canunderstand.

The language consists of instructions in binary code (orhexadecimal) specific to the particular computer processor.

Because machine language is so cumbersome and tedious to write,most programs are written in other languages and translated intomachine language.

Assembly Language considered to be one level above machinelanguage. Main advantage of assembly language over machinelanguage is that instructions in assembly language are not in binary

code but in English word. The word are translated into machinelanguage code with language translating program, but its alsocumbersome to write because each fundamental instruction must begiven.

High level language further simplify commands written by humanprogrammer.


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C++ programming Language

Extension ofC

Support procedure-oriented and object-oriented programming

approach

Invented by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1980

HOW COMPUTER RUN A PROGRAM

Edit : Source code ( type the program)

Compile :

If no syntax errors -> Object

Code

Link : Link to library function -> exe module

Run : Output ( Check for any semantic errors)


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A Typical C++ Program

# include

# define P 100

/ / A typical C++ Program

main ( )

{

Variables declaration

.. ;

.. ;

Statements;

... ;

}

Preprocessor Directive

Comment

main function

End

Begin


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Simple C++ Program

# include

# include

// Aturcara ini akan mencetak sahaja (Penggunaan arahan cout)void main ( )

{

cout


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Welcome to

KUTKM

MELAKA

BANDARAYA BERSEJARAH

Exercise:

Write a complete program to print the following output:


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#include #include

#define P 100

void main()

{

cout


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Exercise:

Write a complete program to print the following output:-

SARJANA MUDA KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK

KOLEJ UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL

******************MELAKA*******************


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Manipulator ( # include )

1. \n : Advances the cursor to the beginning of the next line

e.g cout


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4. setw (n) : sets the streams internal field width variable to n. This setting remainsin effect only for the next insertion.

e.g cout


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#include

#include

#define P 100

void main()

{ cout


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#include

#include

void main()

{

cout


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Exercise

1. Write a program to print the following output:

************INTRO**

**********

2. Write a program that will print your name and matric number.

Please use the programming instructions you have learned toproduce a creative output.

lecture 1 introduction to computer and programming language

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