lecture 1 -- intro to surveying and mapping

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SURVEYING AND MAPPING:

AN INTRODUCTION

GE 10: ELEMENTARY SURVEYING 1

DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students should be

able to:

� Define surveying as part of the science of

Geomatics

� Identify the jobs of a surveyor

� Gain knowledge on the history of surveying

� Enumerate the surveying operations , its uses,

types, and recent technologies

� Be familiar with the different surveying terms

Outline

I. Geomatics

II. Surveying Definitions

III. The Surveyor

IV. History of Surveying

V. Surveys – uses, types, operations, recent

technologies

VI. Definition of Terms

Geomatics�the science concerned with the measurement,

representation, analysis, management, retrieval and

display of spatial information describing both the Earth's

physical features and the built environment.

� includes disciplines such as:

� Surveying

� Geodesy

� Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry

� Cartography

� Geographic Information Systems

� Global Positioning Systems

Source: Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania.

Source: Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas.

Surveying (Traditional Definition)

The art of making measurements of the

relative positions of natural and man-made

features on the earth's surface, and the

presentation of this information either

graphically or numerically.

NJDOT Survey Manual, p.3

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Surveying (Modern Definition)

The art and science of determining angular

and linear measurements to establish the

form, extent, and relative position of points,

lines, and areas on or near the surface of the

earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies

through applied mathematics and the use of

specialized equipment and techniques.

J.P. La Putt (1987)

Professional SurveyingThe application of knowledge of the:

� science of surveying measurement,

� legal principles of boundary location,

� laws related to boundaries & land use,

� applicable mathematical & computational theories and

principles,

� natural & other forces which affect positional accuracy,

� land planning & development concepts pertinent to

subdivision of land & property surveys,

� land record & land tenure concepts,

� geodetic & other earth-related sciences

to the analysis, design, & execution of surveying &

mapping projects & the design of land mapping & IS.

--Buckner (1994)

The Surveyor

A surveyor is a professional person with the

academic qualifications and technical expertise to:� practice the science of measurement;

� assemble and assess land and geographic related information;

� use that information for the purpose of planning and implementing the efficient administration of the land, the sea and structures thereon; and

� instigate the advancement and development of such practices.

--International Federation of Surveyors

Surveying

throughout

History

Federation of American Scientists

In Babylon (4000 BC) In Egypt (the Great Pyramid of Khufu in Giza- 2780 BC)

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Eratosthenes(276 BC-194 BC)

His measurements are with an error of less than 2%,

but that was 2200 years ago!

School of Surveying

150 BC

School of surveying was established by Romans to teach:

• town planning

• map making and

• building of roads and aqueducts

ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm

“If the earth was spherical then a proper representation could

be obtained by a geometrical projection of that surface”

Ptolemy produced maps.120 BC

“What can be mapped

could be ruled.”

History of Geomatics

1. Establishment of boundaries of land

2. Fixing of national and state boundaries

3. Charting of coastlines and navigable streams and lake

4. Precise location of definite reference points

throughout the country

5. Collection of valuable facts concerning the earth’s

magnetism at widely scattered stations throughout the country

USES OF SURVEYS Types of Surveys

1. Plane Surveying

– the type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in

which its spheroidal shape is neglected.

2. Geodetic Surveying

– takes into account the true shape of the earth.

Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)

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Approximations

On the earth’s surface:

� 18.5 km length of an arc

�0.007m > subtended chord

� 196km2 area of triangle

�spherical excess is 1”

True shape of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys of large extent!


OPERATIONS IN SURVEYINGOPERATIONS IN SURVEYING1. Control Survey

– consists of establishing the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points

2. Property Survey

– performed to determine the length and direction of lot lines and to establish the position of these lines on the ground.

3. Topographic Survey

– made to secure data from which may be made a topographic map indicating the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and human-made objects.


4. Hydrographic survey

– refers to surveying of bodies of water for the purposes of navigation, water supply, or subaqueous construction.

OPERATIONS IN SURVEYINGOPERATIONS IN SURVEYING


5. Mine Survey– utilizes the principles for land, geologic and

topographic surveying to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining operations.



6. Route survey

– refers to those control, topographic and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or communication, such as highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines and pipelines.



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7. Construction Survey

– performed to lay out, locate and monitor public and private engineering works.



8. Photogrammetric Survey

– utilizes the principle of aerial and terrestrialphotogrammetry, in which measurementsmade on photographs are used to determinethe positions of photographed objects.



RECENT TECHNOLOGIES

� Total Station System

� Digital Photogrammetry

� Satellite Positioning System

USA – NAVSTAR GPS

Russia – GLONASS

European Union - Galileo

� Geographic and Land Information Systems

www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/

Handheld GPS

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Definition of Terms

Level surface– a curved surface every element of which is normal to aplumb line

Zenith– direction away from the center of the earth and above the observer’s head

Nadir– direction toward the center of the earth


Definition of Terms (continued)

Horizontal plane– plane tangent to a level surface at a particular point

Horizontal line– a line tangent to a level surface. In surveying, it iscommonly understood that a horizontal line of sight is

straight.

Horizontal angle– an angle formed by the intersection of two lines in ahorizontal plane.



Vertical line– a line perpendicular to the horizontal plane.

–a vertical line in the direction toward the center of theearth is said to be in the direction of the nadir.

Vertical angle– angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane

Vertical plane– is a plane in which a vertical line is an element



Zenith angle– angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it isunderstood that one of the lines is directed toward the

zenith.

Nadir angle– angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it isunderstood that one of the lines is directed toward the

nadir.



Horizontal Distances– distances measured along a level line.– plumb line-to-plumb line distance.

Contour– an imaginary line of constant elevation on the groundsurface.

– Contour line is the corresponding line on the map

Elevation of a point– vertical distance above (or below) some arbitrarilyassumed level surface, or datum.



Leveling– operation of measuring difference in elevation

Grade/Gradient of a line– slope of the line or rate of ascent or descent

Difference in Elevation– vertical distance between two points.– distance between imaginary level surface containing

high point and a similar surface containing the low point.


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Sources

Becker, B.J. Eratosthenes of Cyrene.

http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Eratosthenes.htm

ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm

Buckner (1994). http://surveying.mentabolism.org/buckner.html. Last

Accessed 16June08

Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas.

http://www.cast.uark.edu/home/research/geomatics.html

Davis, R.E., et. al (1981). Surveying: Theory and Practice. USA: McGraw-Hill,

Inc.

Federation of American Scientists. Html link lost

Great Pyramid of Khufu. http://vncafe.blogspot.com/2008/03/great-pyramid-

of-giza.html

History of Geomatics.

http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/planesurvey/prot/topic/topo02-01.html

www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/

Sources (continued)

International Federation of Surveyors.

http://www.surveyor.asn.au/for-the-public/international-definition-of-

surveyor.php

La Putt, J.P. (2007). Elementary Surveying. Philippines: National Book

Store.

ManSurveying.gif. From

http://everythingaboutsurveying.blogspot.com/2008/05/geodetic-

instrumentation-methods.html

New Jersey Department of Transportation. Survey Manual. Downloaded

from http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/eng/documents/survey/

http://surveying.mentabolism.org/geomatic.htm. From the Dept. of

Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania. Link

(broken): http://info.utas.edu.au/docs/geomatics/geomatics_exp.html

lecture 1 -- intro to surveying and mapping

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