lecture 1 en object of study history 2014

8/9/2019 Lecture 1 en Object of Study History 2014

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

Luben Boyanov

Associate professorcontact: [email protected] , room 2073
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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An object of study and

history of computing Lecture 1


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Lecturer Associate professor Luben Boyanov, last

job at the Institute of Information andCommunication Technologies BAS

Graduated at Sofia Technical Universityand at the University of Manchester (MScand PhD)

Interests: (professional) computer

architectures, parallel computers,computer networks, etc., and many other(outside computing/non-professional)


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Computer Architecture subject

The course will focus on: What does the computer,

How the computer hardware works,

How are numbers and instructions presentedin computers,

How major blocks are linked and how theyfunction,

Why we consider the relationprice/performance

Principles of work of various PC components


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Computer Architecture subject

The lectures are to give the students basicknowledge and way of thinking +understanding of how the modern

computers work

The course is not a programming course,hardware design, or PC repair!


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Academic behavior

Few words on behavior (not onlyacademic):

Each one of you is responsible for his/her own

conduct.

Each one of you must do his/her ownwork valid for all assignments and

exams. No cheating tolerated they are the road to

administrative punishment or poor mark


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Academic behaviour

More on academic behavior

No talks/chatting during lecture - this distractsthe lecturer (me in this case) and is impolite to

others, who are interested and want to listen No food in class

No web surfing during class

Questions welcomed (raise hand, dontinterrupt others, be polite)


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Exam

60 min Grading:

Labs,

6-9 questions, Optional questions

Activity during lectures and labs

- Supplementary readings (papers, appendices,background, analysis of a particular issue )


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Computer architecture

Computer architecture is:

Instruction set architecture + machineorganization

Instruction set architecture

- programmers view of a machine


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Text books

Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach byHennessey and Patterson (4th Edition)

Computer Organization and Design: TheHardware/Software Interface by Patterson andHennessey (3rd, 4th Edition)

Stokes J., Inside the Machine: An Illustrated Introduction toMicroprocessors and Computer Archi tecture, No Starch Press, 2006.

Tannenbaum A., Structured Computer Organization, Fifth edition, Prentice Hall,2005, ISBN-10: 0131485210.

Stallings W., Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance,seventh edition, Prentice Hall, 2005, ISBN-10: 0131856448

Kai Hwang, Zhiwei Xu, Scalable Parallel Computing, McGraw-Hill, 1998. Michael Flynn, Computer Architecture (Pipelined and Parallel Processor Design),Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1995

The WEB; Wikipedia


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Mechanical Era

4000 1200 BC Clay Tablets for trade records(Sumer); Abacus used in Babylon, later in the

Arab world, Europe, China and Japan

Late 16th c. John Napier (Scotland - renownedas the discoverer of the logarithm) NapiersBones (an abacus x /)

Early 17th c Robert Bissaker (England) Sliderule logarithmic scales


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Mechanical era

Early 17th c Wilhelm Schickhard (Germany) calculating machine preceded PascalsPascaline but was destroyed by fire andunknown for 3 centuries until 1957

Mid 17th c Blaise Pascal (France) Adder mechanical calculator that could add andsubtract directly; main contribution ratchetdrive for carry transfers

Late 17th

c - Gottfried Leibniz (Germany) Leibniz developed the infinitesimal calculus andthe binary number system, Calculator - SteppedReckoner (+,-,x,/)


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Pascaline (webpages.cs.luc.edu )


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Stepped Reckoner (britannica.com)
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Falcon&action=edit&redlink=1


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Punched cards:

Early 17th c.- end of 17th c. Basile Bouchon andJean-Baptiste Falcon

Joseph Marie Jacquard

Late 17th c - G.F.Prony (France) Autometer (+- x /)

1820 - Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar(France) arithmometer - the first mass-produced calculator
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Falcon&action=edit&redlink=1


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Arithmometer (www2.lv.psu.edu)


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1823 Charles Babbage (England) Differential Engine automatic,mechanical calculator

The machine was to solve 6th degreepolynomials to 20 digit accuracy. Project was

abandoned in 1842 London Science Museum constructed a

working Difference Engine


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Differential engine (www.virtualtravelog.net)


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1834 Charles Babbage (England) AnalyticalEngine with the essential features of a generalpurpose automatic computer - succession of

designs that he tinkered with until his death in1871. Main difference with diff.eng can beprogrammed by punch cards

Store (memory)

Mill (arithmetic unit) Program (operation cards program steps, variable

cards memory selection cards)


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Analytical Engine (www.chronarion.org)


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1837 Geore Scheuty (England) built aworking Babbages Differential Engine thatsolved 3rd degree polynomials to 15 digits

1854 George Boole (England) binary logicoperators

1874 Lord Kelvin - Analog machine

1875 Frank Baldwin (USA) Printing

Calculator 1874 W. F. Odhner (Sweden) Desk

Calculator


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1890 Herman Hollerith (USA punched cards,tabulating machine. Hollerith founded TabulatingMachine Co (1896), then Computation-Tabulating Recording Co. (1911) and in 1924

International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) 1892 William Burroughs (USA) printingcalculator in mass production

1904 John Fleming (England) diode vacuum

tube 1936 Alan Turing (England) paper oncomputable numbers


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1934 45 Konrad Zuse (Germany) - proposes to build a electromechanical

calculating machine - files a patent application for the automatic

execution of calculations, including a binary"combination memory

- mechanical computer - uses telephone relays instead of mechanical

logical circuits - first fully functional program-controlled electro-

mechanical calculator (1941)


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John Vincent Atanasoff

John Vincent Atanasoff(October 4, 1903 June 15,1995)

the inventor of the digital computer special-purpose machine has come to be called the

AtanasoffBerry Computer. 1937 ABC - not programmable, designed only to solve

systems of linear equations. successfully tested in 1942 Until 1973 the ENIAC was considered to be the first

computer in the modern sense, a U.S. District Courtinvalidated the ENIAC patent and concluded that the

ABC was the first "computer" The ABC had been examined by John Mauchly in June

1941, and it influenced his later work on ENIAC


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ABC (computermuseum.li)


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Pioneered:

- binary arithmetic

- electronic switching elements

- first to use dynamically refreshedcapacitors for storage, as in current RAM

- parallel, supporting up to 30

simultaneous operations separation of memory and computing

functions


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ABC had 270 vacuum tubes

rotating drum memory the memory of ABC

The memory of the AtanasoffBerry Computer was apair of drums

each drum memory unit contained 1600 capacitors thatrotated on a common shaft once per second

Each one could hold about 30 fifty-bit numbers (data wasrepresented as 50-bit binary fixed point numbers )

primary clock rate for the lowest level operations 60 Hz The control logic functions were electromechanical,

implemented with relays


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In 1997, a team of researchers led byJohn Gustafson from Ames Laboratory(located on the Iowa State campus)

finished building a working replica of theAtanasoffBerry Computer at a cost of$350,000


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ENIAC

1943-1946 J. Mauchly and J Eckert - ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

general purpose electronic computer - program by setting switches and plug/unplug

cables. Uses 18 000 tubes Weights 30 tons Performance 5 000 ops/sec

Card reader Printer Card punch


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Electronic computers

1944 Howard H. Aiken - Mark 1 or ASCC - electromechanical computer built at IBM and

shipped to Harvard in February 1944 1945 John von Neumann concept of a

stored program 1947 first transistor J Bardeen, W Brattain

and W Shockey Bell labs (Nobel prize in 1956) 1949 Maurice Wilkis (England) EDSAC

(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) 1950 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer) Princeton University


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Electronic computers

1951 Eckert and Mauchly (USA) UNIVAC I(Universal Automatic Computer), vacuum tubes

1951 Maurice Wilkes (England)

microprogramming 1951-52 - Grace Hooper (one of the first

programmers of Mark 1) A-0 - first compiler concept of machine independent programminglanguage (led to the development of COBOL)

1953 IBM 650 first mass produced computer


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IBM 650 (www-03.ibm.com)


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Modern concepts

1958-1962 Tom Kilburn (England)ATLAS Manchester University

fastest instructions - 1.59 microseconds

use of virtual storage and paging

ATLAS pioneered many hardware andsoftware concepts still in common use today

including the Atlas Supervisor, "considered bymany to be the first recognisable modernoperating system


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Electronics gets smaller

1954 Texas Instruments silicon transistors

1957 first FORTRAN compiler

1964 IBM System/360 third generation computers

1964 - DEC PDP-8 The First Minicomputer, built by

Digital Equipment Cost (DEC); cost $16,000 1968 Cray CDC7600 supercomputer (40 MFLOPS)

1970 - RAM chip introduced by Intel. It had a capacity of1 K-bit, 1024 bits.

1971 - First microprocessor, the 4004, Intel, developedby Marcian E. Hoff. A 4 bit processor; 2300 transistors.60,000 interactions per second (0.06 MIPs), running at aclock rate of 108KHz.


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New, mass products

1972 Hewlett-Packard first hand-held calculator

1975 IBM laser printer

1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak Apple I

1976 - Cray 1, the first commercially developed

Supercomputer, 200,000 integrated circuits 150 millionfloating point operations (MFLOPS)

1977 Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft

1981 IBM Personal Computer costs 2880 $

64Kb RAM, mono display

two 160Kb single sided floppy drives


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Getting personal

1983 - IBM XT released, 8086 10Mb hard disk,

128K of RAM,

one floppy drive,

mono monitor and a printer, 1984 - Apple Macintosh; 8 MHz version of Motorola

68000 processor

1985 Sony and Phillips CD-ROM

1990 Berners-Lee working at the European PartialPhysics Laboratory (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerlandwrites the WWW prototype (URL, HTML, HTTP)


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Last decades

1990 Microsoft Windows 3.0

1991 Linus Torvald introduces Linux OS

1991 WWW is launched to public

1991 - Pretty Good Privacy more commonlyknown as PGP a public key used for encryptionis released as Freeware by Philip Zimmerman

1993 Intel Pentium Processor released 1993 University of Illinois Mosaic - graphical

web browser


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Last decades

1993 - PowerPC processor developed by IBM,Motorola and Apple

1994 Netscape and Yahoo founded

1994 Netscape browser released 1995 first Wiki created

1995 Internet Explorer 1.0

1995 LiveScript is renamed to JavaScript,Java is introduced

1995 Amazon.com is officially opened


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Last decades

1995 USB standard released

1996 Sergey Brin and Larry Page -Googledeveloped

1998 MySQL introduced 2001 Wikipedia founded

2001 USB 2.0 introduced

2001 iPod by Apple

2001 - Microsoft Windows XP

2004 Firefox 1.0 introduced

2006 Blue-ray announced and introduced


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2006 Intel Core

2006 Toshiba HD DVD player

2010 Apple iPad and iPhone 2010 - Google Android 2.x; 2012 ver. 4.2

2010-2011 - Toshiba 3D autosteroscopic (no

glass) TVs, Phillips 2011 2011 - The K computer Fujitsu first reached

10 petaflops

2013-2014 - Tianhe-2 or TH-2 (literally "Skylake-2") is a 33.86 petaflop supercomputer locatedin Guangzhou, China


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A task(s)

List 10 technological achievements,inventions or discoveries in the field ofcomputers (software, hardware) for 2013-

2014 or present one of them in 1-2 pages What is Siri (fruit product) and Google

now?

What is Internet of things?


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The advance of electronics

Moore's Law - Gordon Moore (co-founder ofIntel) predicted in 1965 that the transistor densityof semiconductor chips would double roughly

every 18 months. Its not a law, its a predictionabout what device physicists and processengineers can achieve

Processor speed doubles at same rate the

number of transistors that can be fabricated on asingle integrated circuit at a reasonable costdoubles every year


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The advance of electronics

How?

- Material techniques such as extremeultraviolet lithography (

Higher speed for same power per unit area - More complex devices can be created in same

die area


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Using more transistors

Using those transistors ...

Wider datapaths and circuit elements (from 4 to8 to 16 to 32 to 64 bits)

Caches Additional functionality on the die (MMU, floatingpoint, L2 cache controller)

Deeper pipelining (multiple instructions in

progress at a time) Superscalar architectures (instruction-level

parallelism -- multiple instruction streams)


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Complexity

Coping with complexity ... Design rules: abstracting away parts of the process

Automated tools for placing, routing, etc.

Hierarchy, parameterization, and regularity of design

(e.g., replicated bit-slices; 2D structures that can tile andbe connected by abutment); tools to support this

Timing analysis and verification

Logic synthesis (huge advances in the past decade) We

don't expect most systems of 5-10 million components tobe flawless! (E.g., construction projects)


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The first

1971

Intel 4004, 4 bitprocessor; 2300

transistors 1975

Intel 8080, 1975 4500transistors


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Then came

Intel 8086, 197829000 transistors


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Intel Pentium, 19933.1 million transistors


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Pentium II

Introduced May 7, 1997

Pentium Pro with MMX and improved 16-bit

performance 242-pin Slot 1 (SEC) processor package

Slot 1

Number of transistors 7.5 million

32 KB L1 cache 512 KB bandwidth external L2 cache


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Pentium III Katmai 0.25 m process technology 1999

Number of transistors 9.5 million 512 KB bandwidth L2 External cache System Bus clock rate 100 MHz, 133 MHz (B-models)

Coppermine 0.18 m process technology 1999 Number of transistors 28.1 million 256 KB Advanced Transfer L2 Cache (Integrated) System Bus clock rate 100 MHz (E-models), 133 MHz (EB models)

Tualatin 0.13 m process technology 2001 Number of transistors 28.1 million

32 KB L1 cache 256 KB or 512 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache (Integrated) 370-pin FC-PGA2 (Flip-chip pin grid array) package 133 MHz system bus clock rate


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Pentium M

Banias 0.13 m process technology 2003 64 KB L1 cache

1 MB L2 cache (integrated)

Number of transistors 77 million Micro-FCPGA, Micro-FCBGA processor package

400 MHz Netburst-style system bus

Dothan 0.09 m (90 nm) process technology 2004 2 MB L2 cache

140 million transistors 400 MHz Netburst-style system bus

21W TDP


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Pentium 4E 2004 built on 0.09 m (90 nm) process technology

1 MB L2 cache

533 MHz system bus (2.4A and 2.8A only)

Number of Transistors 125 million on 1 MB Models Number of Transistors 169 million on 2 MB Models

800 MHz system bus (all other models)

Hyper-Threading support

7500 to 11000 MIPS The 6xx series has 2 MB L2 cache and Intel 64


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Introduced 2006

Intel Core 2 Conroe 65 nm process technology Desktop CPU -

2006 Two cores on one die Number of Transistors 291 Million

64 KB of L1 cache per core (32+32 KB 8-way) Kentsfield 65 nm process technology - 2006

Two dual-core cpu dies in one package. Desktop CPU Quad Core (SMP support restricted to 4 CPUs) same features as Conroe but with 4 CPU Cores

Number of Transistors 586 Million Yorkfield 45 nm process technology

Quad core CPU Number of Transistors 820 Million

64 bit processors: Intel 64


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64-bit processors: Intel 64 Nehalem microarchitecture

Core i7 Bloomfield 45 nm process technology 2008

4 physical cores 256 KB L2 cache

8 MB L3 cache Hyper-Threading is again included. This had

previously been removed at the introduction of Coreline

781 million transistors

TDP 130W Socket 1366 LGA 3-channels DDR3


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Core i3, Core i5

Core i3 - Clarkdale 32 nm process technology 2 physical cores/4 threads

64 Kb L1 cache;512 Kb L2 cache; 4 MB L3 cache; January, 2010

Core i5 - Lynnfield 45 nm process technology

4 physical cores

32+32 Kb (per core) L1 cache; 256 Kb (per core) L2 cache; 8 MBcommon L3 cache

September, 2009

Core i5 - Clarkdale 32 nm process technology 2 physical cores/4 threads

64 Kb L1 cache; 512 Kb L2 cache; 4 MB L3 cache;January, 2010


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i3, i5, i7 - ???

Core i7 does not have seven cores nor doesCore i3 have three cores (they have only 2 cores,most i5 have 4 cores). The numbers are simply

indicative of their relative processing powers Their relative levels of processing power are also

signified by their Intel Processor Star Ratings,which are based on a collection of criteria

involving their number of cores, clock speed (inGHz), size of cache, as well as some new Inteltechnologies

64 bit I t l 64 S d


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64-bit processors: Intel 64 SandyBridge / Ivy Bridge microarchitecture

Sandy Bridge implementationstargeted a 32nanometer manufacturing process

Intel's subsequent product,codenamed Ivy Bridge, uses a 22

nanometer process Introduced after 2011, 2012


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Xeon, Haswell

Xeon (server and workstation) brands

Clock frequency around or more 3GHz,L3 cache 12-24 MB

Haswell is the codename fora processor microarchitecture - successorto the Ivy Bridge architecture

Uses the 22 nm process

On the market since 2014


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Intel Atom

32-bit processors: Intel 32 Intel Atom

Intel Atom - brand name for a line of ultra-low-voltage CPUs by Intel, power consumption

down 40% - 45 nm CMOS, now 32 nm

- used mainly in netbooks, nettops, and MobileInternet devices (MIDs).

In December 2012, Intel launched the 64-bit Centerton family of Atom CPUs, designedspecifically for use in servers


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New technologies 2011 22 nm - TRI-GATE 37% better

performance with low voltage and > 50%reduced active power during sustainedpeformance

http://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/integrated_cmos.htm; for the first time, thetransistor is vertical tri-gate technology(on 3 surfaces) the components can beplaced closer (vertical transistors)

Work is going on 14 nm technology, 10 nmis in the production plans (according toJustin Ratner from Intel)
http://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/integrated_cmos.htmhttp://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/integrated_cmos.htmhttp://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/integrated_cmos.htmhttp://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/integrated_cmos.htm


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Continuum of Computing experience

Desktops, laptops, mobile computers, e-books,PDA, smart phones, Smart TVs, embedded -GPS, cars

Planning less energy and better energyefficiency

Research in: Information processing andprogramming, energy and sustainability, securityand virtualization, electronics and photonics,user experience and interaction

lecture 1 en object of study history 2014

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