Roger C. Montepio

COURSE OUTLINE

PRELIMINARY INFORMATION

A. Course No. : AGE 23B. Course Title : Farm Power and Energy

SourcesC. Credit : 3 UnitsD. Pre-requisite : Thermodynamics

Roger C. Montepio

AGE 23

Course DescriptionConventional and renewable power for agriculture; power measurement and alternative fuels.

Roger C. Montepio

USEP VISION, MISSION, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

By becoming a premier university in the ASEAN Region, the USEP shall be a center of excellence and development, responsive and adaptive to fast-changing environments.

VISION

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VISION

USEP shall also be known as the leading university in the country that fosters innovation and applies knowledge to create value towards social, economic, and technological developments.

Roger C. Montepio

MISSION

USEP shall produce world-class graduates and relevant research and extension through quality education and sustainable resource management particularly, USEP is committed to:

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Provide quality education for students to grow in knowledge, promote their well-rounded development, and make them globally competitive in the world of work;

MISSION

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MISSIONEngage in high impact research, not only for knowledge’s sake, but also for its practical benefits to society; and,

Promote entrepreneurship and industry collaboration.

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GOALS The Agricultural Engineering Department shall

strive for academic excellence in agricultural engineering in the areas.

Soil and water resources, Agricultural power and machinery, Agricultural processing, Farm electrification, agricultural structures and environmental science and protection.

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GOALSThe department shall also undertake

research, extension, and production activities that would contribute to the attainment of the country’s goal for food security and sustainable development.

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OBJECTIVES• 1) To produce agricultural engineering graduates

who posses the following qualities:1A.)Highly knowledgeable and able to pass the AE Licensure Examination;1B.)Well trained, efficient and effective in the application of engineering technology infused into agricultural practices;

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1C.)Competent in the conduct of effective and least-cost researches to generate appropriate and replicable technologies;

1D.)Globally competitiveness either in employment or entrepreneurship;

OBJECTIVES

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E.) Proficient in contributing knowledge and skills when called for in the field of education and training.

F.) Spiritually and morally upright in the practice of learned expertise.

OBJECTIVES

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• 2.) To carry out research and extension activities for the improvement of sustainable quality of life of its target clientele;

• 3.) To develop viable and sustainable production projects, while undertaking training to students and generate funds for human resources and technological advancement;

OBJECTIVES

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• 4.) To establish and maintain linkages with the government, non-government, and industry-based agencies in the areas of instruction, research, extension, and production;

• 5.) To foster a character instilled with positive Filipino values, culture, and discipline towards excellence and global competitiveness.

OBJECTIVES

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• The course attempts to provide students knowledge in processing, handling and storage of agricultural products 1 and 2, to a more advance courses in agricultural engineering so they may understand and recognize the science of processing, handling and storage of agricultural products.

COURSE OBJECTIVE

The students then encourage to develop a skills and techniques of application of processing to the farm, as possible in the simplest context.

Roger C. Montepio

LECTURE TOPICSConventional farm power and energy sources

man and animal electricity and electric motors

Parts, principles and uses of internal combustion engines, lubricants and lubrication system

Parts, principles and uses of 2 wheel and 4 wheel tractor

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Power measurements and tractors performance power measurements method two-wheel tractor tests

Renewable farm power and energy source principles and uses of solar energy conversion, design of energy

conversion devises principles and uses of water energy conversion, design of energy

conversion devices principles and uses of wind energy conversion, design of energy

conversion devices

LECTURE TOPICS

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LECTURE TOPICS

Alternative fuels biogas – principles of biogas production – design for utilization of biogas Alcohol– principles of alcohol production – design for utilization of alcohol

•

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Alternative fuels

fruit and vegetable oils – processing for fuel – design for utilization solid fuels – processing for fuel – design for utilization

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COURSE REQUIREMENT

Students are expected to be in class for the scheduled time. DO NOT obligate yourself for activities (work, social, medical non-emergencies) that conflict with scheduled class time.

Make up of classes will be based of a valid University policies.

Roger C. Montepio

Proper safety clothing/attire is required for lab exercises

Four exams (two chapter exams, mid term, and final) will be announced.

COURSE REQUIREMENT

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Quizzes may or may not be announced. Material included may be from current lectures or current class assignments (readings, video, electronic communications, etc.)

Written assignments or exercises may include but are not limited to:

COURSE REQUIREMENT

laboratory reports, lab manual (Engine operation)homework problems, spreadsheet exercisesquestions and answers on reference and text materialsdevelopment of PowerPoint presentations

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Students are expected to turn materials/assignments in on time.

All assignments, projects or laboratory report must be completed by the last day of class.

COURSE REQUIREMENT

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REFERENCES Farm Power and Tractors. Fifth Edition.McGraw Hill Books

Co. Farm Gas Engines and Tractors, 4th Edition. McGraw Hill

Books.Co Farm Power and Machinery Management. Dunell Hunt Small Engines, 2nd Edition: Radcliff, R. Bruce, Roark, Dann L.,

American Technical Publishers, 2004.

Roger C. Montepio

REFERENCES

CIGR, Vol. 3. Plant Production EngineeringCIGR, Vol. 5. Biomass and EnergyBioFuel Technology Handbook, 2007. Rutz, D and

R. Janssen

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GRADING SYSTEMAttendance/oral 5%Projects/laboratory 20%Quizzes/assignments 15%Major Exams 60%• TOTAL: 100%• PASSING: 60%

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ENDCOURSE OUTLINE

Chapter 1

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Conventional farm power and energy sources

What are kinds of work in the Farm that need power? Tractive work

-Plowing and land preparation-Planting and seeding- Crop cultivation, harvesting and

transporting/hauling Stationary work

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Stationary works

-Water pumping-Processing-Ensilage cutting, etc

Stationary works are accomplish by means:

- belt and pulley- gears-chain and sprocket-power take-off- direct drive

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man and animal electricity and electric motorsHeat Engine

What are the Conventional energy sources?

PRIMOVERS

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man and animal

Man- 0.10hp or 75 watts, maximum

Animal-1/10th to 1/8th of its weight-2.5 mph or 1.6 kph average speed

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Animal studies and tests - 1/10th to 1/8th of its weight, produce power w/out undue

fatigue for 20 miles/day or 12.5km/day average walk for tractive work

- 1500 to 1900 lb weight can pull continuously loads of 1-hp or more for period of 1 day or longer- Exert an overload of over 1000 percent for a short time –

well trained animals- Exert maximum power of about 10-hp for few seconds and

short distance (< 30 ft)

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Electricity and E-Motors

CONTIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ARE:

Supply heat supply lighting and power for building and heating water operating:

- brooders- water pumps- dairy and refrigeration equipment

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What are the advantages of Electric motor?

relatively simple and compact in construction light in weight per horsepower little care in terms of service and maintenance start easily and readily operate quietly produce smooth and uniform power adaptable to varying power

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Heat engines

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Engine Dissection

You are dissecting a 3.5 HP single cylinder, 4 cycle engine, made by Briggs & Stratton in Milwaukee, WI

These engines are typically used in lawn mowers, snow blowers, go-carts, etc

(ref. 2, Used by permission of Briggs and Statton, ©1992, all rights reserved)

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Cylinder volume, V

Clearance volume, Vc

Stroke volume, VS

Top dead center, TDC

Bottom dead center, BDCConnecting rod

Crank

Check

Crank case

Cylinder

Crank pin

Gudgeon or wrist pin

Piston

Suction valve Exhaust valve

Intake of suction manifold

Cylinder head

Exhaust manifold

Crank shaft

PART OF ENGINE:

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Introduction

• Engine Terminology• Engine Classifications

- a device which transforms the chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy and uses this energy to produce mechanical work.

What is engine?

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Engine Terminology:Stroke and Displacement

• Stroke– amount of vertical travel of the piston from bottom

dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC)• Displacement (D)

– space displaced by the piston during a stroke

D = (stroke)(p)(Bore)2/4

BDC

TDC

Bore

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Engine Terminology:Compression Ratio

• Compression ratio (CR):– ratio of total volume to the volume of the combustion

chamber– spark ignition engines have CR = 7-12

CR = (C + D)/C

where C = volume of combustion chamber

D = displacement

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Classification of Engines

• External vs. Internal Combustion

• Spark Ignition vs. Compression Ignition

• Cylinder Configuration

• Valve Location

• 2 Stroke or 4 Stroke/ air-cooled or liquid-cooled

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Engine Classification: External vs. Internal Combustion• External combustion

– combustion of an air-fuel mixture transfers heat to a second fluid which becomes the motive (working) fluid that produces power

– E.g., steam driven engine• Internal combustion

– the products of combustion are the motive fluid

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External combustion engines

- The product of combustion of air and fuel transfer heat to second fluid which is the working fluid of the cycle.

Steam Engine:

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STEAM TURBINE

Steam Turbine

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Gas Turbine

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Internal combustion engines

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Classification Name of EnginesReciprocating or

rotaryMaximun size

in hp Principal Use Remaks

Gasoline or petrol engine (SI) Reciprocating 5 000

Road vihicles, small industrial, small marine, aircrafts

Gas engine (SI) Reciprocating 5 000 Industrial, electric power

Diesel engne (CI) Reciprocating 50 000Road vihicles, industrial, locomotives, electric power, marine.

Wankel engine Rotary 5 00 Road vehiclesOpen cycle gas turbine

Rotary 20 000 Electric power, aircraft

Jet engine Rotary 10 000 AircraftRocket No Mechanism very big Missiles, space travel

Steam engine Reciprocating 5 000 Locomotive, ships

Steam tubine Rotary 500 MW Electric Power, large marineStirling or hot air engine

Reciprocating 1 000 Experimental, power in space, vehicle

Closed cycle gas turbine

Rotary100 000

Electric power, marine

Internal combustion engines

Under development

Under development

External combustion engines

SI = spark ignition CI = compression ignition

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Engine Classification: Spark vs. Compression Ignition

• Spark ignition (SI) engines– a compressed, homogeneous air-fuel mixture (15:1

ratio of air to fuel by mass) is ignited using a spark• Compression ignition (CI) engines

– rapid compression of air to a high pressure raises the temperature so that fuel, when delivered into combustion chamber, spontaneously ignites without need for a spark

– often referred to as a Diesel engine

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Description SI Engine CI Engine1 Basic cycle Based or Otto cycle. Based on Diesiel cycle.

2 FuelPetrol (gasoline). Hight self-ingintion temperature desirable

Diesel oil. Low self-ignition temperature desirable

3 Introduction of fuel

Fuel and air introduced as agaseous mixture in thesuction stroke. Carburator nessesary to provide themixture. Throtle controls thequantity of mixtureintroduced.

Fuel is injected directly intocombustion chamber at highpressure at of compressionstroke. Carburator is eliminatedbut a fuel pump and injectornecessary. Quality of fuelregulated in pump.

4 IgnitionRequired an ignition system with spark plug in the combustion chamber.

Ignition due to high temperatur, caused by high compression of air, when fuel is injected. Ignition system and spark plug is eleminated.

5Compression ratio rage

6 to 10.5. Upper limit of CR fixed by anti-knock quality of fuel.

14 to 22. Upper limit of CR is limited by the rapidly increasing weight of the engine structure as the compression ratio is further increased.

6 SpeedHigher maximum revolution per minute due to lighter weight.

Maximum r.p.m lower

7 Efficiency Maximum efficiency lower Higher maximum efficiency.

8 Weight Lightrer Heavier due to higher pressures

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Engine Classification: Cylinder Configurations

Radial (Aircraft)

V(Automobile)

In Line(Automobile)

Horizontally Opposed (Subaru)

Opposed Piston (crankshafts geared

together)

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Engine Classification:Valve Location

• Most common: overhead-value or I-head

Exhaustvalve

Intakevalve

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Engine Classification:2 Stroke

Compression(ports closed)Air Taken Into

Crankcase

Combustion(ports closed)

Exhaust(intake port closed)

Air compressed in crankcase

Scavengingand Intake

(ports open)

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Intake StrokeIntake valve opens,

admitting fuel and air.Exhaust valve closed

for most of stroke

Compression StrokeBoth valves closed,Fuel/air mixture is

compressed by rising piston. Spark ignitesmixture near end of

stroke.

IntakeManifold

Spark PlugCylinder

Piston

Connecting Rod Crank

Power StrokeFuel-air mixture burns,increasing temperatureand pressure, expansion

of combustion gases drives piston down. Bothvalves closed - exhaust valve opens near end

of stroke

1 2 3 4

Exhaust StrokeExhaust valve open,

exhaust products aredisplaced from cylinder.

Intake valve opens near end of stroke.

Crankcase

ExhaustManifold

Exhaust ValveIntake Valve

Engine Classification: 4 Stroke

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Briggs Engine -

Intake Compression

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Power Stroke

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Exhaust Stroke

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Four-stroke cycle Two-stroke cycle

1

The cycle is completed in four strokes of thepiston or in revolutions the crank shaft. Thusone power stroke in every two revolutions ofthe crank shaft.

the cycle is completed in two strokes of the piston or in one revolution of the crankshaft. Thus one power stroke is optained in each revolution of the crankshaft.

2Because of the above, turning movement is not so uniform and hence hevier flywheel is needed.

More uniform turning movement and hence lighter flywheel is needed.

3

Again, because of one power stroke for tworevolutions, power produced for the samesize of engine is small, or for the same power the engine is heavy and bulky.

Because of one power stroke for one revolution, power produce for same size of engine is more (theoretically twice, actually about 1:3 times), or for the same power the engine is light and compact.

4Because of onepower stroke in revoutions,lesses cooling and lubrication requirements.Lesser rate of wear and tear.

Because of one power stroke in one revolution greater cooling and lubrication requirement. Greater rate of wear and tear.

5The four-stroke engine contains valves and valve mechanism.

Two-stroke engines have no valves but only ports (some two-stroke engines are fitted with conventional exhaust valve or reed valve.

6Because of the heavy weight and and complication of valve mechanism. Higher in initial cost.

Because of light weight and simplicity due to the absence of valve mechanism, cheaper in initial cost.

7 Volumetric efficiency more due to more time induction.

Volumetric efficiency less due to lesser time for induction.

8 Thermal efficiency higher, part load efficiency better than two stroke cycle engine.

The thermal efficiency lower, part load efficiency lesser than four-stroke cycle engine.In two stroke petrol engines some fuelis exhausted during scavenging.

Used where (a) low cost, and (b) copactness and lightweight important. Two-stroke (air -cooled) petrol engine used in very small size only: own movers, scooters, motor cycles, etc. (Lubricating oil mixed with petrol).

Two-stroke engines have no valves but only ports (some two-stroke engines are fitted with conventional exhaust valve or reed valve.

Use where efficiency is important, in cars, buses, trucks,tractors, industrial engines, aeroplanes, power generation, etc.

9

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On the basis of fuel used: Gas engines and petrol engines.On the basis of method of supply of fuel:

•Carbureted types:Fuel supplied through carburetor.

•Injection type:(a)Fuel injected into inlet ports or inlet manifold.(b)Fuel injected into the cylinders before ignition.

(c) On the basis of method of ignition: Battery ignition and magneto-ignition.

Other classification