Computing for Management

Instructor: Shahbaz Akhtar Abid

Lecture 1

Course Administration• Exams and Assessment– Basically 3 exams method • 10 Sessional 1• 15 Sessional 2• 50 Final• 25 Assignment/Quizes

–Eliminating one Exam suggests that there is a clear room for more practical work (so you must start getting worried about it !!!)

Examination• I personally believe in “thorough

studies” so usually no choices given in the exam

• Every thing discussed, during the class or given as reading material, could be part of the exams

• Questions will be formulated in a way to examine both bookish as well as conceptual thinking

• Other details will be given close to Sessionals

• I will try to follow my simple rule that is – “ I’ll be very friendly in the lectures and very

strict in the exam hall (believe me no chance of misconduct…)”

How to get more marks?

• Requirements–Overall Class Attitude– Things to Avoid (Referencing, Cut-

Copy-Paste Culture, Carelessness, leg-pulling)

– Things to do (Innovation, Confidence, Work Attitude)

– Sense of Maturity and continuous learning

Text & References• Focus will be on topics rather Chapters of

any text• Many Text/books are available in market

– Peter Norton: Computing Fundamentals– P.K. Sinha: Computer Fundamentals Reference Books– Donald H. Sanders : Computers Today()– Gary Shelly, Thomas Cashman, & Misty Vermaat (2004).

“Discovering Computers 2004: A Gateway to Information”. (Complete Edition).

– Lary Long & Nanacy Long (2003). “Computers: Information Technology in Perspective”. (Eleventh Edition).

– Parson & OJA (1996). “New Perspectives on Computer Concepts”. (Complete Edition). Course Technology, Inc (International Thomson Publishing Company)

• But– Not necessarily every thing is taught from the Text,

Students need to broaden their view and consult as many additional references as possible (Preferably available in local market and from the Internet)

Expected Topics• Introduction to Computers

– Computer Systems• Overview and key components• Why we need computers• Evolution of Computing & Computers

– Computers in normal life routine– Computers in Business– Changes brought by information technologies– Input and Output Devices– Types of Computers– Types of Storage Devices

• Software– Application Software

• Microsoft Office – Word, Excel, PowerPoint• Database Management Systems• Information Systems• Graphics Softwares• Enterprise Software

– System Software• Operating Systems• Programming Languages• Networking Basics

Expected Topics…

• Introduction to Application Software– MS Word– MS PowerPoint– MS Excel– MS Access (If we have Enough Time)

• Business Applications– Information Systems• Basic Concepts & Dynamics• Types & Scope of Various Systems• IS in various Functions of a Business• Information System Development

Introduction to Computers

In this Lecture you will learn.

The World of Computers• Computers are everywhere at offices, at

homes and at schools• One of the biggest source of

communications for many people (email, handhelds devices like PDAs and advanced mobiles)

• One of the instant access point of for news regarding current affairs, sports, politics, jobs etc

• Normal life also now having computers in various forms– ATM (Auto Teller Machines) Cash

Vending Machines• In offices the computers are used to

create documents, presentation and at school students develop assignments and use computers for research

• All above examples indicate that there is a clear need for computer literacy (know how about computers and it’s uses)

Computer!

An Electronic device that (work on the method of “Command and Retrieve”) take input from users, process it, store it and finally produce it when desired by the users.

Data Processing

Characteristics of Computers

Characteristics cont….!

Characteristics cont…!

Evolution of Computers• The earliest device that qualifies as a digital

computer is the Abacus, also known as soroban.– It was invented around 600BC

• In 17th century John Napier’s bone was invented, used for manual multiplication.– Its upgraded version were used around 1890.

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Evolution of computers

• The first mechanical adding machine was invented by Balise Pascal in 1642.– Later in 1671, baron Gottfried of Germany

invented the first calculator for multiplication.– Keyboard machines originated in the united

states around 1880.– Around this period Herman Hollerith came up

with concept of punched cards, which is extensively used as input media in modern digital computers.

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Evolution of computers

• Charles Babbage, a 19th century professor at Cambridge university, is the father of modern digital computer.–Mathematical and statistical tables were

prepared at that time.– Bit difficult for their manipulation.– Charless start thinking over it for efficient

manipulation of these tables, to build a machine.

– That machine compute the tables guaranteed to be error free.

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Evolution of computers• In this process Babbage designed a device

called “Difference Engine” in the year 1822.• In 1842 a new idea by charless of analytical

engine that was totally automatic.– Basic arithmetic operation– Speed was 60 additions per minute.–He could not produce a working model of this

machine for further manufacturing.

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Evolution of computers• The MARK I Computer

– (1937-44)– Also called Automatic Sequence

Controlled Calculator.– First fully automatic calculating

machine.– Developed by Howard A. Aiken of

Harward University with IBM collaboration.

– Design is based on punched card technology.

– Very complex and huge in size.– It uses 3000 electrically actuated

switches.– 50 feet long and 8 feet high.– Five basic operation.– Upto 23 decimal digits number can be

used.– 0.3 sec for addition of two numbers, 4.5

sec for multiplication of two numbers it take.

– Very slow machine.

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Evolution of computers

• The ATNASOFF– 1939-42– Developed by Dr. John Antanasoff.– Solving mathematical equations.– It used 45 internal vacuum tubes for

internal logic and capacitor for storage.

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Evolution of computers• THE ENAIC– Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.– 1943-46– Developed at Moore School of Engineering in

Pennsylvania state university US by John Machuly.

– Developed for military purpose.– 20x40 square feet room.– Addition of two number is achieved in 200

microsecond.– Multiplication in 2000 Microseconds.– Storage limitation

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Evolution of computers• The EDVAC– 1946-52– Electroniv descrete variable automatic computer

was designed on stored program concept.– Von neuman also give the concept of storing data

in the binary form.

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Evolution of computers• THE EDSAC

– 1947-49– It was developed by

Britisher.– Electronic Delay Storage

Automatic calculator executed first program in 1949.

– Addition in 1500 microseconds

– Multiplication in 4000 microseconds

– This machine was developed in Cambridge University under the supervision of Professor Maurice Wilkes.

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Evolution of computers• MANCHESTER Mark

I– 1948– Small experimental

machine.– Designed at

Manchester University by Professor MHA Newman.

– Storage capacity was 32 words, each of 31 binary digits.

– Hard in use.

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Evolution of computers• THE UNIVAC I

– 1951– The Universal Automatic

Computer, the first digital computer.

– Many machines were produced, the first one is installed in the Census Bureau in 1951.

– The first business use of UNIVAC I by General Electric Corporation in 1954.

Generations….

First Generation• Advantages:

– Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days

– Fastest computing devices of their time…Could perform computations in milliseconds.

• Disadvantages:– Too bulky in size– Unreliable– Air conditioning required– Prone to frequent hardware failures– Constant maintenance required– Non-portable– Limited Commercial Use

Second Generation• Advantages:

– Smaller in size as compared to first generation– More reliable– Less heat generated– Computation time decreases from milliseconds to microseconds– Less prone to hardware failures– Better portability

• Disadvantages:– Air Conditioning req.– Frequent maintenance– Manual assembly of individual components into a functional unit– Commercial production was difficult and costly.

Third Genration• Advantages:

– Smaller in Size --- SSI---10 to 20 components – More reliable– Lower heat Generated– Computational time .. Micro to nanoseconds.– Maintenance cost is low-> less hardware failures– Easily portable– Less power req.– General purpose machines– Manual Assembly of component is not req. -> reduce in labor cost– Commercial production easier and cheaper

• Disadvantages:• Air Conditioning• Highly sophisticated technology required for manufacturing IC chips.

Fourth Generation• Smallest in size because of high component density MSI->LSI

– Very reliable – Heat generation is negligible– No air conditioning req. in most cases– Much faster in computation than previous– Hardware failure is negligible– And hence minimal maintenance– Easily portable because of their small size– Totally general purpose– Minimal labor and cost involve at assembly stage– Cheapest among all generations.

• Disadvantages– Highly sophisticated technology required for manufacturing LSI

Fifth Genration….

• Aim to bring a machine with genuine I.Q• Totally different- novel- new• Will not be algorithmic (step by step) • Will not be serial• Will not be just data processing-> knowledge

processing• Will not be deductive ->inductive

Generations cont…!

Generations cont…!

Generations cont…!

Generations cont…!

Electronic Devices in different Generations

Components of Computer System• Components of a Computer System

– Hardware• Input • Output• Processing

– Central Processing Unit– Motherboard

• Storage

– Software• Application• System

– Information– Users– Procedures